Pharm Test 1 (1).txt

Movement of drug from administration site into bloodstream

Movement of drug through the bloodstream to tissues and cells

Conversion of the drug into another substances

Removal of the drug or substance it became from the body

The rate at which drug molecules disappear from the circulatory system, primarily through hepatic (liver) metabolism and renal excretion

Process during distribution in which a portion of drug is attracted to and binds to protein, such as albumin in blood, preventing it from passing through capillary walls; therefore this portion is inactive and cannot achieve therapeutic effect

The portion of being distributed in the body that is not bound to protein & therefore is active & can achieve therapeutic effect

Drug molecules that attach to receptors on cells to stimulate the cell to act; they promote function

Drug molecules that attach to receptors & prevent something else from attaching ( block the receptor) and causing an effect

The amount of time that is required to remove half or 50% of blood concentration of a drug

The point at which the amount of drug that is administered and the amount that is being eliminated from the body balance off. The balance creates a stable level of drug in the blood

The rate at which drug molecule disappear from the circulatory system, primarily through hepatic metabolism and renal excretion

Another term for metabolism of drugs. When drugs are changed from their original form to a new form in the body

Product of metabolism, a drug that is metabolize is generally changed into an inactive form on its way to excretion . Occasionally a drug be metabolized in active metabolites substance that can achieve an independent effect that can be either therapeutic

The rate of metabolism of a drug varies as it is circulated through the bloodstream, to the portal circulation, and through the liver. The percentage of the drug metabolites on the first circulation or pass through the liver is high then the drug loses effectiveness during this first pass before reaches the general circulation. Loss of effectiveness in the first pass

A system of liver enzyme families three of which are involved in drug metabolism. drugs can either induce or inhibit P-450 system altering metabolism of other drugs

A drug's relative pharmacologic activity. The amount of drug that must be given in order to produce a particular response. Highly potent drugs often have a higher affinity for the receptor site on the cell so little is needed to produce its effects

How well a drug produces its desired effect. Is relative to the intrinsic activity. The higher the activity the greater the efficacy

Effect dose 50. The dose of a drug that is required to produce a therapeutic effect in 50% of the population. Often considered the standard or typical dose and is chosen when the drug therapy is initiated

Lethal dose 50 The point at which the dose of a drug would be fatal in 50% of the population

I drug dose that is administered consistently over time, such as every day. Often achieved after 4-5 half-lives.

A higher dose of a drug given initially at the start of drug therapy when the drug has a longer half-life and needs to achieve steady-state in the shortened time frame due to the patient's medical condition requiring immediate steady-state for effective treatment

Ratio comparison used to determine the safety of a drug. The ED 50 is divided by the LD50 in ratio form and if there is little difference between the two the drug has a narrow therapeutic index and is therefore not very safe due to difficulty in dosing the drive safely

An immune system antigens/antibody response after drug is taken again it involves the release of histamine, which leads to allergic signs and symptoms and possibly anaphylaxis; the most serious allergic response

An unusual adverse effect of a drug, can be opposite response from what is anticipated. An individual's unique response to a drug, also called paradoxical effect

When two or more drugs that are alike in therapeutic Effect are combined, and the resulting response is the sum of the drug effects. Can be an intentionally more therapeutic, or unintentionally cause harm

When two or more unlike drugs, in terms of therapeutic effect or mechanism of action, are used together to produce a combined effect. Outcome response is greater then if either was used alone

An interaction between drugs in which one of the two drugs is increased. I.e. A drug that has mild effect may enhance the effects of a second drug

A chemical that can affect living processes

The study of drugs in their interactions with living systems

The study of drugs in humans

The use of drugs to diagnose prevent or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy

Nursing responsibility six rights

In order to anticipate problems the nurse must understand...

Suppress cough reflex

Dextromethorphan (DMX)

Used to treat constant nonproductive cough

Directly affects the cough Center in the Medulla

Chronic cough associated with emphysema and asthma

Nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dizziness, irritability, restlessness. Possible poisoning/overdose for euphoric effects

• MAOIs
• fluoxetine
• quinidine
• sibutramine

• Contraindications (emphysema and asthma)
• Pregnancy/class-c
• May cause drowsiness assess for operation of heavy equipment
• May impair motor/orientation – help ambulated- safety

• Frequently assess respiratory status
• Ck for clear airwAy

• Codeine, hydrocodone
• Diphenhydramin Benadryl
• Benzonatate

Oral, at CNS depressant. Works on medullary center

Post op patients who need to cough and deep breathe and those with chronic cough

• Tessalon/ Tessalon perles
• Non-narcotic, anesthetizes stretch receptors in respiratory system to reduce cough reflex
• Used in endoscopy