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Definition of Ethics
rules and value that a group defines to guide conduct and distinguish between right and wrong
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Difference between directly quoting and paraphrasing
- Directly quoting: taking a phrase word for word
- Paraphrasing: putting it into your own words
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Difference between hearing and listening
- Hearing: receiving messages
- Listening: paying attention
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Two steps involved in the listening process
- Processing what you've heard (actively thinking about message)
- Retaining what you've processed
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Six culprits behind poor listening
- unprocessed note taking
- non-listening
- interruption listening
- agenda-driven listening
- argumentative
- nervous listening
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Three elements involved in becoming a better listener
- Filter out distractions
- focus on speaker
- show listening
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Ways to anticipate and strategically maximize your audience's listening
- Audience Surveillance
- Anticipate ineffective listening before speech
- consider your listeners attention and energy levels
- Assess your audience ability an knowledge
- front and back load main message
- use presentation aides strategically
- encourage active listening during your speech
- tailor your delivery
- watch out for argumentative listeners
- watch out for defeated listeners
- watch out for superficial listeners
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Difference between subordination and coordination (define)
- Subordination: creating a hierarchy of points and supporting materials
- Coordination: same level of significance of each main point
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Guidelines for selecting main points
- consider your purpose
- take audience into account
- select an appropriate number of main points
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Different ways of arranging main points (define)
- Spatial - location
- temporal - chronological
- Casual - cause/effect
- Comparison - similarities
- Problem-Cause-solution
- Criteria-Application - what something is, what thing is something
- Narrative - story
- Categorical - topical
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Difference between transitions, signposts, internal previews, internal summaries (define)
- Transitions: one part to next
- Signposts - words or phrases within sentences that help audience understand speech structure
- Internal previews - short list of ideas that will follow
- Internal summary - quick review of what you just said about main point
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Different ways to gain audience attention
- tell story or anecdote
- offer a striking or provocative statement
- build suspense
- let listeners know you are one of them
- use humor
- ask a rhetorical question
- provide a quotation
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Elements of Introduction
- Gain audience attention
- Signal your thesis
- Relevancy
- Establish your credibility
- Preview main point
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Elements in Conclusion
- Transition to your conclusion
- Summarize your Main points
- Finish with a memorable Clincher
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How to create a strong ending statement
- Tie clincher to introduction
- End with a striking sentence or phrase
- Conclude with an emotional message
- End with a story or anecdote
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Difference between working outline and speaking outline
- working: detail/preparation outline
- speaking: ideas in phrases
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Guidelines for creating working outline
- outlining body of speech
- include full information for citations, quotations and other evidence
- insert transitions
- outline introduction
- outline conclusion
- creating a bibliography
- inserting title, specific purpose and thesis
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Guidelines for creating speaking outline
- main points
- sub-points
- sub-sub-points
- abbreviations
- evidence
- difficult words
- transitions
- delivery notes
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Different modes of delievery
- Reading from a manuscript
- memorizing from a manuscript
- speaking from an outline
- Impromptu Speaking
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Different types of vocal delivery skills
- Volume
- Tone
- Rate of Delivery
- Projection
- Articulation
- Pronunciation
- Pausing
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Defination of articulation
crispness or clarity of words
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Different types of nonverbal delivery skills
- Eye contact
- Gestures
- Physical Movement
- Proximity
- Personal appearance
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Importance of eye contact in delivery.
- gauge audience interest
- helps you interact with audience
- compel your audience attention
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Different ways audiovisual aids can enhance your speech
- make speech more interesting
- help audience remember
- simplify a complex topic
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Types of Visual Aids
- Speaker
- Assistants
- Objects
- Visual Images
- Maps
- Photographs/drawings
- Diagrams
- Graphs
- List, tables, and other text based visuals
- Audio and Video
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Guidleines for preparing audiovisual aids
- consider forum (location)
- consider audience
- demographic
- prior exposure
- make sure aids support your points
- rehearsing with presentation aids
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Guidelines for using audiovisual aids
- make sure everyone can see and hear your speech
- control audience interaction with your aids
- maintain eye contact
- remember purpose of aids
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Goal of persuasive speech
- attempt to influence audience members
- strengthen audience commitment
- weaken audience commitment
- advocate audience action
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Different types of persuasive speeches (define)
- Fact - assert that something is ture or false
- Value - attached a judgement to a subject (mortality)
- Policy - adovate action by organization, institution or member of your audience
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Definition of Strategic Discourse
process of selecting arguments to support your theses that will best achienced through your rhetorical purpse
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Ethical Persausion
- Help your audience make an informed decision
- research facts
- note any biases
- attribute you research properly
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Framing one's argument and the involvement of audience member
- figure out where audience stands on topic
- taylor thesis appropriately
- latitudes of acceptance - range of positions that are acceptable to them
- latitudes of rejections - ranges of positions that are acceptable to them
- boomerang effect - pushing listeners to oppose your idea even more vigorously than they already do
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Ways to deal with audience in accordance to persuasion
- Appealing to audience needs
- connection to listeners values
- demonstrating how your audience benefits
- acknowledging listeners reservations
- focusing on peripheral beliefs
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Which organizational patters should be used with different types of persuasive speeches
- Fact: Casual, comparison, categorical
- Value: Criteria application, categorical
- Policy: problem-cause-solution, comparison
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Define Logos
presenting trustworthy facts to back your claims and clearly show how those facts have led you to those claims
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Define Ethos
credibility, knowledgeable, honest and genuinely interested in doing the right thing for audience
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Define Pathos
put human face on problem
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Elements of credibility
- competence - knowledgeable and experienced
- trustworthiness - honest and fair
- goodwill - wanting what is best for listeners rather than what would most benefit themselves
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How to build credibility with the audience
- share your qualifications to speak on the topic (credibility)
- present strong evidence from reputable sources
- highlight common ground with audience
- choose your words carefully (word choice)
- show respect for conflicting opinions
- practice your speech until delivery is fluent
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Definition of Evidence
Proof
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Define inductive reasoning
generalizing from facts , instances, or examples, and then making a claim based on that generalization
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Types of inductive reasoning (define)
- example - present specific instances to support a general claim
- comparison reasoning - argue that two instances are similar so that what you know is true for one instance is likely true for other
- sign reasoning - fact is true because in direct indicators (signs) are consistent with that fact
- causal reasoning - argue one event has caused another
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Types of Logical Fallacies (define)
- ad poplum - bandwagon
- straw person - replace your opponents real claim with weaker claim you can more easily rebut
- slippery slope - 1st policy will lead to 2nd policy that is undesirable
- false dilemma - claim that only two possible choices to address a problem, 1st is wrong, so 2nd must be right
- appeal to tradition - idea is good because people have accepted it for a long time
- post hoc - one event followed another so first caused second
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Fear Appeal (define and Example)
argument that arouses fear in minds of audience members
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Five general guidelines of creating special occasion speech
- Appeal to audience emotions
- Matching delivery to mood of the occasion
- Adapting to audience's expectations
- Evoking shared values
- Respecting time constraints
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Difference between effective and ineffective pauses
- effective if gathering thoughts
- ineffective if after after sentence
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Definition of Thesis
single sentence that express the aspect of the topic you will be emphasizing in your speech
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Number of main points in an effective speech
2-5
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Why good organization is important in oral communication
listeners don't have material in front of them
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Difference between main points and supporting points
- Main points: those few ideas that are most important for your listeners to remember
- Supporting points: material designed to prove your main point
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Understand what involves acknowledging the work of others
- Quoting from a source
- Paraphrasing the work of others
- Common knowledge
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Definition of sound reasoning
Link between claim and supporting material is strong
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