Chapter 23-1

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What are the levels of Regulation of Metabolism?:
- Enzymes, Reactants / Products
- Metabolic Pathways, or at least linked reaction sequences
- Tissues
- Organs and organ systems
- An entire organism
Enzyme-catalyzed reaction rates change as a response to:
- Shifts in equilibria (Mass Action Ratios)
- Reactant/product availability (Acceptor Control)
What concentrations of key molecules help meet the biological needs of metabolism?:
- Phosphoryl group donors (ADP/ATP ratios)
- Reducing equivalents (NAD+/NADH ratios)
- Structural monomers (Amino acids, sugars, nucleotides)
- Nucleic acids for DNA replication, transcription/translation and cofactors for metabolic reactions
How do cells respond to extracellular signals?:
- Hormones
- Dissolved gasses (N2, O2, NO, CO2)
- Pathogens
- Light, sound, "taste" of molecules, etc
The cells in a tissue act as a functional unit to control what in the whole tissue?:
- Control the flow of energy via Mass Action Ratios
- Control the "Response" to any given signals
- Control the concentrations of key reactants/products
Metabolic regulation is based on what kinds of tissues?:

Liver or adipose or muscle or brain --> blood
Keep in mind the big picture is: How are concentrations of the most important molecules regulated?
What BioMolecule concentrations does the liver metabolism control?:
- Carbohydrate
- Lipid
- Protein
- Nucleic acid