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caudal to superior incisors
incisive papilla
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transverse ridges of hard palate
palatal rugae
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fan shaped muscle of tongue, rostral mandible
m. genioglossus
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large caudal protuberance of the bovine tongue
lingual torus
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Viborg's triangle
- caudal border mandible
- tendon of sternocephalicus
- linguofacial vein
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jugular furrow
- brachiocephalicus m. dorsally
- sternocephalicus m. ventrally
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gluttural pouch is lined by
respiratory epithelium
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path of maxillary n. & a.
rostral alar foramen, maxillary foramen, infraorbital foramen (as infraorbital n. & a.)
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Three branches of mandibular n. that emerge together
- lingual n.
- inferior alveolar n.
- mylohyoid n.
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Branch of V3, deep to ramus of manible
buccal n.
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continuation of inferior alveolar nn.
mental nn.
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mastication muscles, attach medial ramus, medial larger
medial and lateral pterygoid mm.
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2 bellies of digastricus and innervation
- rostral belly: mylohyoid n.
- caudal belly: VII
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joins lingual n. as it crosses pterygoid m.
chorda tympani n. (VII)
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motor to eye and ear
auriculopalpebral n. (VII)
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motor to cheek, lips, nose
dorsal/ventral buccal nn. (VII)
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hyoid apparatus bones and insertion on skull
- stylohyoid - inserts on mastoid process
- epihyoid
- ceratohyoid
- basihyoid - palpable
- thyrohyoid
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special sensory to root of tongue
X
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openings of auditory tubes and the pharyngeal tonsils are located in
the nasopharynx
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muscle from the soft palate to the dorsal pharynx
palatopharyngeus m.
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origin of hyopharyngeus m.
thyrohyoid & ceratohyoid
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caudal pharynx, cranial esophageal sphincter
cricopharyngeus m.
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Muscles of the pharynx that constrict
- palatopharyngeus m
- hyopharyngeus m
- thyropharyngeus m
- cricopharyngeus m
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pharynx muscle that dilates
stylopharyngeus m.
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all pharyngeal muscles are innervated by
IX, X
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Equine soft palate
- long, ventral to epiglottis
- epiglottis closes and soft palate moves dorsally when swallowing
- dorsal displacement of soft palate - surgical
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processes of the arytenoid cartilages
- corniculate - visual landmark
- cuneiform - attach vestibular lig & m.
- vocal - vocal lig
- muscular - size of rima glottis/tension vocal ligs
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space beyond rima glottidis
infraglottic cavity
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4 ligaments of the larynx
- cricotracheal
- cricothyroid
- vocal lig
- vestibular lig
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between two laryngeal folds
laryngeal ventricle
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thyrohyoid membrane
fibroelastic connection between thyroid cart and caudolateral hyoid bones
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only abducter of cords
dorsal cricoarytenoid m.
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cranial laryngeal n. external branch innervates
cricothyroid m.
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cranial laryngeal n. internal branch innervates
sensory to area rostral to vocal cords (laryngeal ventricle & vestibule)
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roaring in horses or larpar in dogs is caused by
paralysis of the dorsal cricoarytenoid m.
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fold of dura mater within longitudinal fissure
falx cerebri
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dura mater within transverse fissure
tentorium cerebelli
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parallel ridges on the cerebellum are called
folia
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metencephalon
cerebellum + pons
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between 3rd & 4th ventricles
mesencephalic aqueduct
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fibers from pons to cerebellum
cerebellar peduncles
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4 sinuses in the brain
- dorsal sagittal sinus
- straight sinus
- transverse sinus
- cavernous sinus
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internal carotid a. enters brain via
tympano-occipital fissure
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first branch after internal carotid branches off
occipital a.
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ventral branch to tongue, runs with XII
lingual a.
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next ventral branch after lingual a., runs over angle of the mandible
facial a.
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dorsal branch after occipital a., caudal ear canal
caudal auricular a.
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dorsal branch of external carotid, rostral to ear
superficial temporal a.
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maxillary a. begins after
superficial temporal a.
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path of maxillary a.
dives deep to masseter m., through alar canal, over MEDIAL pterygoid m. through infraorbital canal
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vein that drains sinuses in brain
retroarticular v.
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arteries in the brain from rostral to caudal
- rostral cerebral aa.
- middle cerebral aa.
- internal carotid aa.
- caudal communicating aa.
- caudal cerebral aa.
- basilar a.
- vertebral aa.
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intrinsic mm of larynx
- cricothyroid m.
- dorsal/lateral cricoarytenoid m.
- vocalis m
- ventricularis m.
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sternohyoideus m.
sternothyroideus m.
- O:manubrium, 1st costal cart
- I:basihyoid bone, thyroid cart
- A:draw tongue & larynx caudad
- N: cervical spinal nn.
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mylohyoideus m.
- O:medial mandible
- I: median raphe & basigyoid bone
- A: draw hyoid app craniad, lift floor mouth
- N: V3
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geniohyoideus m.
- O:mandibular symphysis
- I: basihyoid bone
- A: hyoid app & larynx rostrad
- N: XII
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digastricus m.
- O: jugular process of occipital bone
- I: ventral border of mandible
- N: caudal belly: VII
- rostral belly: V3
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sternocephalicus m.
- 2 bellies I:
- pars occipitalis: nuchal crest
- mastoideus: mastoid process of temp bone
- A: head/neck side to side
- N:XI
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thyrohyoideus m.
- I: thyrohyoid bone
- A: hyoid app caudad
- N: XII
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stylohyoideus m.
- stylohyoid to basihyoid (very thin)
- A: raise basihyoid bone
- N: VII
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equine/bovine dentition formula
3133
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bovine foramen lacerum
- jugular foramen
- carotid canal
- oval foramen
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(ox) composed of orbital fissure & round foramen
foramen orbitorotundum
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The facial crest (eq) is called the ____ in the ox
facial tuberosity
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Horns are called
cornual processes
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sinus within cornual process
cornual diverticulum
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Orbital fissure cn nerves
III IV V VI
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round foramen opens into roof of
alar canal
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houses inner ear and articulates with mandible
temporal bone
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contained within tympano-occipital fissure
- jugular foramen (IX X XI exit)
- carotid foramen
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stylomastoid foramen
CN VII exits via internal acoustic meatus
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Just caudal to external acoustic meatus
sylomastoid foramen (VII)
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turbinates covered in mucosa
conchae
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caudal nares, openings into nasopharynx
choanae
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supraorbital foramen what species? What nerve from what cranial nerve?
- eq/ox
- supraorbital n. - V1 (ophthalmic) -sensory to upper 2/3 of upper eyelid
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enlargement of ox tongue
lingual torus
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2 chambers of the frontal sinus in OX
rostral & caudal
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paranasal sinuses in the horse
- maxillary sinus
- sphenopalatine sinus
- conchofrontal sinus
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paranasal sinuses in OX
- maxillary (lacrimal bulla)
- frontal sinus
- sphenoid sinus (hard to see)
- palatine sinus (hard to see)
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bones of the nasal cavity
- maxilla
- nasal
- palatine
- ethmoid
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maxillary a. enters ____ and joins up with _____. They leave the ______ as _______
- caudal alar foramen
- V2
- infraorbital foramen
- infraorbital N & A
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Bones of the viscerocranium
- incisive
- lacrimal
- mandible
- maxilla
- palatine
- nasal
- turbinates
- zygomatic
- hyoid apparatus
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Bones of the neurocranium
- ethmoid
- frontal
- interparietal
- occipital
- parietal
- pterygoid
- sphenoid
- temporal
- vomer
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the bony orbit is formed by
frontal and zygomatic bones
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The orbital ligament runs from
zygomatic process of frontal bone to frontal process of zygomatic bone
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zygomatic arch
temporal process of zygomatic bone to zygomatic bone
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inferior alveolar n arises from
V3
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inferior alveolar n & a goes through _____ which is located medial of _____
mandibular foramen, ramus
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medial to maxillary foramen and opens to nasal cavity via roots of 4th upper premolar
maxillary recess
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Olfactory receptors are found within the ______
ethmoidal turbinates
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Where is the nasogastric tube placed in horses
junction of the common meatus with the ventral meatus
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duct opens in to the oral cavity and prevents desiccating caused by panting in the dog
lateral nasal gland (maxillary recess)
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muscles of mastication
masseter, temporalis, pterygoids, digastricus
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temporalis m.
- O: temporal fossa of cranial vault
- I: medial and lateral aspects of the coronoid process of the mandible
- A: raise mandible
- N: V3
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masseter m
- O: zygomatic arch
- I: masseteric fossa, angular process, and ventrolateral ramus of mandible
- A: raise mandible
- N: V3
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digastricus m.
- O: jugular process of occipital bone
- I: ventral border of mandible
- A: open mouth
- N: caudal belly—facial n.; rostral belly—mylohyoid n.
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pterygoid m
- O: pterygopalatine fossa
- I: medial aspect of coronoid and angular processes of mandible
- A: raise mandible
- N: mandibular division of trigeminal n.
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orbicularis oris m.
- O/I: fibers run parallel to the margins of both superior and inferior labia, encircling the mouth
- A: closes mouth
- N: dorsal and ventral buccal branches of the facial n.
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orbicularis oculi m.
- O/I: fibers run parallel to the margins of both superior and inferior palpebrae, encircling the palpebral fissure
- A: forceful closure of eyes
- N: auriculopalpebral branch of facial n. (palpebral n.)
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salivary glands recieve parasympathetic innervation from
VII
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largest and most rostral branch of V3
lingual n.
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sensory to skin and teeth of lower jaw
inferior alveolar n.
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sensory to mucosa and skin of cheek, ventral to V2
buccal n.
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levator nasolabialis m.
- O: maxilla & frontal bone in region of medial canthus of eye
- I: margin of superior labium and external naris
- A: dilation of nostril, lifting of upper lip
- N: auriculopalpebral branch of facial n.
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frontalis m.
- O: rostral border of scutiform cartilage
- I: nasofrontal fascia of forehead
- A: pulls scutiform cartilage rostrad
- N: auriculopalpebral branch of facial n.
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branch from subclavian a.
vertebral aa
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ventral branch ext carotid, runs with XII
lingual a.
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used to check pulse in horses
facial a.
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next ventral branch after lingual a., runs over mandible
facial a.
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venous sinus found in falx cerebri
dorsal sagittal sinus
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3rd to 4th ventricle
mesencephalic aqueduct
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composed of 4th upper premolar and 1st lower molar in the canine
carnassial teeth
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white matter connects left & right cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
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parts of the ramus of mandible
- coronoid process
- condylar process
- angular process
- masseteric fossa
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air-filled middle ear is within
tympanic bulla
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innervates dorsal oblique m.
trochlear n.
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condylar processes of ramus articulate with
temporomandibular joint
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incisive duct opens here, part of the _______
- incisive papilla
- vomeronasal organ
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jugular furrow
- sternocephalicus m.
- brachiocephalicus m.
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Eq - frontal sinus + dorsal conchal sinus
conchofrontal sinus
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tongue attaches to the basihyoid bone via
lingual process (eq/ox)
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contents of guttural pouch
- internal carotid aa
- CN VII IX X XI XII
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What 2 structures are contained in the vocal fold
vocalis m. vocal lig
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what structure connects cricoid cartilage with thyroid cartilage
crocothyroid lig
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ligament that attaches cricoid cart to 1st tracheal ring
cricotracheal
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The ____ is occupied by the pituitary gland
hypophyseal fossa
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tentorium cerebelli modification that attaches to cranial vault
osseous tentorium
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stylohyoid bone attaches to
mastoid process of skull
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CN 1 exits
cribform plate
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V2
round foramen to rostral alar
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VII
internal acoustic meatus to stylomastoid
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VIII
internal acoustic meatus
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IX X XI
jugular foramen to tympano-occipital fissure
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