-
caudal to superior incisors
incisive papilla
-
transverse ridges of hard palate
palatal rugae
-
fan shaped muscle of tongue, rostral mandible
m. genioglossus
-
large caudal protuberance of the bovine tongue
lingual torus
-
Viborg's triangle
- caudal border mandible
- tendon of sternocephalicus
- linguofacial vein
-
jugular furrow
- brachiocephalicus m. dorsally
- sternocephalicus m. ventrally
-
gluttural pouch is lined by
respiratory epithelium
-
path of maxillary n. & a.
rostral alar foramen, maxillary foramen, infraorbital foramen (as infraorbital n. & a.)
-
Three branches of mandibular n. that emerge together
- lingual n.
- inferior alveolar n.
- mylohyoid n.
-
Branch of V3, deep to ramus of manible
buccal n.
-
continuation of inferior alveolar nn.
mental nn.
-
mastication muscles, attach medial ramus, medial larger
medial and lateral pterygoid mm.
-
2 bellies of digastricus and innervation
- rostral belly: mylohyoid n.
- caudal belly: VII
-
joins lingual n. as it crosses pterygoid m.
chorda tympani n. (VII)
-
motor to eye and ear
auriculopalpebral n. (VII)
-
motor to cheek, lips, nose
dorsal/ventral buccal nn. (VII)
-
hyoid apparatus bones and insertion on skull
- stylohyoid - inserts on mastoid process
- epihyoid
- ceratohyoid
- basihyoid - palpable
- thyrohyoid
-
special sensory to root of tongue
X
-
openings of auditory tubes and the pharyngeal tonsils are located in
the nasopharynx
-
muscle from the soft palate to the dorsal pharynx
palatopharyngeus m.
-
origin of hyopharyngeus m.
thyrohyoid & ceratohyoid
-
caudal pharynx, cranial esophageal sphincter
cricopharyngeus m.
-
Muscles of the pharynx that constrict
- palatopharyngeus m
- hyopharyngeus m
- thyropharyngeus m
- cricopharyngeus m
-
pharynx muscle that dilates
stylopharyngeus m.
-
all pharyngeal muscles are innervated by
IX, X
-
Equine soft palate
- long, ventral to epiglottis
- epiglottis closes and soft palate moves dorsally when swallowing
- dorsal displacement of soft palate - surgical
-
processes of the arytenoid cartilages
- corniculate - visual landmark
- cuneiform - attach vestibular lig & m.
- vocal - vocal lig
- muscular - size of rima glottis/tension vocal ligs
-
space beyond rima glottidis
infraglottic cavity
-
4 ligaments of the larynx
- cricotracheal
- cricothyroid
- vocal lig
- vestibular lig
-
between two laryngeal folds
laryngeal ventricle
-
thyrohyoid membrane
fibroelastic connection between thyroid cart and caudolateral hyoid bones
-
only abducter of cords
dorsal cricoarytenoid m.
-
cranial laryngeal n. external branch innervates
cricothyroid m.
-
cranial laryngeal n. internal branch innervates
sensory to area rostral to vocal cords (laryngeal ventricle & vestibule)
-
roaring in horses or larpar in dogs is caused by
paralysis of the dorsal cricoarytenoid m.
-
fold of dura mater within longitudinal fissure
falx cerebri
-
dura mater within transverse fissure
tentorium cerebelli
-
parallel ridges on the cerebellum are called
folia
-
metencephalon
cerebellum + pons
-
between 3rd & 4th ventricles
mesencephalic aqueduct
-
fibers from pons to cerebellum
cerebellar peduncles
-
4 sinuses in the brain
- dorsal sagittal sinus
- straight sinus
- transverse sinus
- cavernous sinus
-
internal carotid a. enters brain via
tympano-occipital fissure
-
first branch after internal carotid branches off
occipital a.
-
ventral branch to tongue, runs with XII
lingual a.
-
next ventral branch after lingual a., runs over angle of the mandible
facial a.
-
dorsal branch after occipital a., caudal ear canal
caudal auricular a.
-
dorsal branch of external carotid, rostral to ear
superficial temporal a.
-
maxillary a. begins after
superficial temporal a.
-
path of maxillary a.
dives deep to masseter m., through alar canal, over MEDIAL pterygoid m. through infraorbital canal
-
vein that drains sinuses in brain
retroarticular v.
-
arteries in the brain from rostral to caudal
- rostral cerebral aa.
- middle cerebral aa.
- internal carotid aa.
- caudal communicating aa.
- caudal cerebral aa.
- basilar a.
- vertebral aa.
-
intrinsic mm of larynx
- cricothyroid m.
- dorsal/lateral cricoarytenoid m.
- vocalis m
- ventricularis m.
-
sternohyoideus m.
sternothyroideus m.
- O:manubrium, 1st costal cart
- I:basihyoid bone, thyroid cart
- A:draw tongue & larynx caudad
- N: cervical spinal nn.
-
mylohyoideus m.
- O:medial mandible
- I: median raphe & basigyoid bone
- A: draw hyoid app craniad, lift floor mouth
- N: V3
-
geniohyoideus m.
- O:mandibular symphysis
- I: basihyoid bone
- A: hyoid app & larynx rostrad
- N: XII
-
digastricus m.
- O: jugular process of occipital bone
- I: ventral border of mandible
- N: caudal belly: VII
- rostral belly: V3
-
sternocephalicus m.
- 2 bellies I:
- pars occipitalis: nuchal crest
- mastoideus: mastoid process of temp bone
- A: head/neck side to side
- N:XI
-
thyrohyoideus m.
- I: thyrohyoid bone
- A: hyoid app caudad
- N: XII
-
stylohyoideus m.
- stylohyoid to basihyoid (very thin)
- A: raise basihyoid bone
- N: VII
-
-
-
equine/bovine dentition formula
3133
-
bovine foramen lacerum
- jugular foramen
- carotid canal
- oval foramen
-
(ox) composed of orbital fissure & round foramen
foramen orbitorotundum
-
The facial crest (eq) is called the ____ in the ox
facial tuberosity
-
Horns are called
cornual processes
-
sinus within cornual process
cornual diverticulum
-
Orbital fissure cn nerves
III IV V VI
-
round foramen opens into roof of
alar canal
-
houses inner ear and articulates with mandible
temporal bone
-
contained within tympano-occipital fissure
- jugular foramen (IX X XI exit)
- carotid foramen
-
stylomastoid foramen
CN VII exits via internal acoustic meatus
-
Just caudal to external acoustic meatus
sylomastoid foramen (VII)
-
turbinates covered in mucosa
conchae
-
caudal nares, openings into nasopharynx
choanae
-
supraorbital foramen what species? What nerve from what cranial nerve?
- eq/ox
- supraorbital n. - V1 (ophthalmic) -sensory to upper 2/3 of upper eyelid
-
enlargement of ox tongue
lingual torus
-
2 chambers of the frontal sinus in OX
rostral & caudal
-
paranasal sinuses in the horse
- maxillary sinus
- sphenopalatine sinus
- conchofrontal sinus
-
paranasal sinuses in OX
- maxillary (lacrimal bulla)
- frontal sinus
- sphenoid sinus (hard to see)
- palatine sinus (hard to see)
-
bones of the nasal cavity
- maxilla
- nasal
- palatine
- ethmoid
-
maxillary a. enters ____ and joins up with _____. They leave the ______ as _______
- caudal alar foramen
- V2
- infraorbital foramen
- infraorbital N & A
-
Bones of the viscerocranium
- incisive
- lacrimal
- mandible
- maxilla
- palatine
- nasal
- turbinates
- zygomatic
- hyoid apparatus
-
Bones of the neurocranium
- ethmoid
- frontal
- interparietal
- occipital
- parietal
- pterygoid
- sphenoid
- temporal
- vomer
-
the bony orbit is formed by
frontal and zygomatic bones
-
The orbital ligament runs from
zygomatic process of frontal bone to frontal process of zygomatic bone
-
zygomatic arch
temporal process of zygomatic bone to zygomatic bone
-
inferior alveolar n arises from
V3
-
inferior alveolar n & a goes through _____ which is located medial of _____
mandibular foramen, ramus
-
medial to maxillary foramen and opens to nasal cavity via roots of 4th upper premolar
maxillary recess
-
-
Olfactory receptors are found within the ______
ethmoidal turbinates
-
Where is the nasogastric tube placed in horses
junction of the common meatus with the ventral meatus
-
duct opens in to the oral cavity and prevents desiccating caused by panting in the dog
lateral nasal gland (maxillary recess)
-
muscles of mastication
masseter, temporalis, pterygoids, digastricus
-
temporalis m.
- O: temporal fossa of cranial vault
- I: medial and lateral aspects of the coronoid process of the mandible
- A: raise mandible
- N: V3
-
masseter m
- O: zygomatic arch
- I: masseteric fossa, angular process, and ventrolateral ramus of mandible
- A: raise mandible
- N: V3
-
digastricus m.
- O: jugular process of occipital bone
- I: ventral border of mandible
- A: open mouth
- N: caudal belly—facial n.; rostral belly—mylohyoid n.
-
pterygoid m
- O: pterygopalatine fossa
- I: medial aspect of coronoid and angular processes of mandible
- A: raise mandible
- N: mandibular division of trigeminal n.
-
orbicularis oris m.
- O/I: fibers run parallel to the margins of both superior and inferior labia, encircling the mouth
- A: closes mouth
- N: dorsal and ventral buccal branches of the facial n.
-
orbicularis oculi m.
- O/I: fibers run parallel to the margins of both superior and inferior palpebrae, encircling the palpebral fissure
- A: forceful closure of eyes
- N: auriculopalpebral branch of facial n. (palpebral n.)
-
salivary glands recieve parasympathetic innervation from
VII
-
largest and most rostral branch of V3
lingual n.
-
sensory to skin and teeth of lower jaw
inferior alveolar n.
-
sensory to mucosa and skin of cheek, ventral to V2
buccal n.
-
levator nasolabialis m.
- O: maxilla & frontal bone in region of medial canthus of eye
- I: margin of superior labium and external naris
- A: dilation of nostril, lifting of upper lip
- N: auriculopalpebral branch of facial n.
-
frontalis m.
- O: rostral border of scutiform cartilage
- I: nasofrontal fascia of forehead
- A: pulls scutiform cartilage rostrad
- N: auriculopalpebral branch of facial n.
-
branch from subclavian a.
vertebral aa
-
ventral branch ext carotid, runs with XII
lingual a.
-
used to check pulse in horses
facial a.
-
next ventral branch after lingual a., runs over mandible
facial a.
-
venous sinus found in falx cerebri
dorsal sagittal sinus
-
3rd to 4th ventricle
mesencephalic aqueduct
-
composed of 4th upper premolar and 1st lower molar in the canine
carnassial teeth
-
-
white matter connects left & right cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
-
parts of the ramus of mandible
- coronoid process
- condylar process
- angular process
- masseteric fossa
-
air-filled middle ear is within
tympanic bulla
-
innervates dorsal oblique m.
trochlear n.
-
condylar processes of ramus articulate with
temporomandibular joint
-
incisive duct opens here, part of the _______
- incisive papilla
- vomeronasal organ
-
jugular furrow
- sternocephalicus m.
- brachiocephalicus m.
-
Eq - frontal sinus + dorsal conchal sinus
conchofrontal sinus
-
tongue attaches to the basihyoid bone via
lingual process (eq/ox)
-
contents of guttural pouch
- internal carotid aa
- CN VII IX X XI XII
-
What 2 structures are contained in the vocal fold
vocalis m. vocal lig
-
what structure connects cricoid cartilage with thyroid cartilage
crocothyroid lig
-
ligament that attaches cricoid cart to 1st tracheal ring
cricotracheal
-
The ____ is occupied by the pituitary gland
hypophyseal fossa
-
tentorium cerebelli modification that attaches to cranial vault
osseous tentorium
-
stylohyoid bone attaches to
mastoid process of skull
-
CN 1 exits
cribform plate
-
-
-
-
-
V2
round foramen to rostral alar
-
-
-
VII
internal acoustic meatus to stylomastoid
-
VIII
internal acoustic meatus
-
IX X XI
jugular foramen to tympano-occipital fissure
-
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