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List the different fluid compartments of the body
- Extracellular fluid: Plasma and Interstitial fluid
- Intracellular fluid
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What is homeostasis
The maintenance of the internal environment in a narrow range
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Name three factors that are regulated by homeostasis
pH, Blood volume and temperature
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What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic regulation
- Intrinsic is local to the organ
- Extrinsic controls homeostasis outside the organ
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What is the difference between a feedback and feed back and feed forward response
- Feedback: Responses made after a change has been detected
- Feedforward: Responses made in anticipation of a change
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What are the 3 components to all feedback systems
Sensor, control center and effector
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What are the three components to a membrane
Lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins
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What does amphipathic mean and how is the phospholipid amphipathic
- Composed of polar and non polar parts
- The head is polar and the tail is non polar
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What are two functions of cholesterol in the plasma membrane
Fluidity and stability
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What are three specialized types of cell junctions
Desmosomes, tight junctions and gap junctions
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What are 3 methods of membrane transport
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport
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According to Fick's Law, list 3 factors that increase diffusion rate and 2 that decrease it
- Increase: Permeability, concentration gradient, and surface area
- Decrease: Increase in molecular weight and increase in distance/thickness
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If a red blood cell (300 mosm) is placed in a hypotonic solution (100 mosm) which way would water go? What would happen to the cell
The water would go into the cell causing it to grow (hemolysis)
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What type of molecules need to be transported by facilitated transport and why?
Large polar charged molecules because they can't pass the membrane alone
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List 2 types of carrier-mediated transport ****
Active Transport and Facilitated Diffusion
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Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion and active transport
- Both require a carrier
- Facilitated: Down concentration and electrical gradient
- Active: Against concentration gradient and requires ATP
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List the different types of vesicular transport
Endocytosis and exocytosis
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Describe the concentration gradient of cations in a resting cell
Sodium isn in ECF and potassium is in the ICF
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Which way do these cations want to go according to their concentration gradients
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At a typical Vrest, which direction does sodium want to go based on its electrical potential? Potassium?
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If the Vm was +40 mV, which direction would sodium wan to go based on its electrical potential? potassium?
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Describe the three different changes in Vm
- Depolarization: Becomes less negative
- Repolarization: Returns to Vrest
- Hyperpolarization: Becomes more negative
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If a positive ion moved from the outside of the cell to the inside of the cell, would that make the Vm increase or decrease?
Becomes less negative causing it to increase (Depolarization)
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If the membrane potential went from -70 mV to -50 mV, what kind of change has taken place?
Depolarizatiom
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If Vrest becomes less negative, what would you call that type of response
Depolarization
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What determines how big of a change a graded potential will have?
The size of the stimulus
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How do you change the permeability of an ion?
Open multiple ion channels
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What ion is moving across the membrane during the upshot and which way is it moving?
Sodium is coming into the cell
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What ion is moving across the membrane during the downshoot and which way is it moving?
Potassium is leaving the cell
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Describe the voltage gated sodium channel
- 2 gates for activation: Hinged door
- Inactivation: Ball and chain
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Describe voltage gated potassium channel
One gate
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What is the function of the refractory period
Insures one way travel of action potential
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List 2 types of refractory periods
Absolute refractory and relative
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What is the difference between contiguous conduction and saltatory conduction
- Continuous: AP runs continuously down axon
- Saltatory: AP jump from node to node faster than continuous
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List all the ion channels important for an AP and synapse
- Voltage-Gated channels: Sodium, potassium, and calcium
- Ligand-Gated channel
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Why can the axon gave an AP but a dendrite not
They do not have the voltage gated ion channels that trigger upshoot and downshoot
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What is an EPSP and IPSP
- EPSP: Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential and depolarizes neuron
- IPSP: Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential and hyper polarizes neuron
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What is temporal summation
Two AP's in close succession
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What is spacial summation
Two action potentials from different presynaptic cells occur at the same time and are close enough together to overlap
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What are 4 types of chemical messengers
- Autocrine
- paracrine
- Neurotransmitter
- Neurohormones
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What is a second messenger
Intracellular molecules that cause a cellular response in the target cells
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How is G protein activated?
Ligand links to the receptor and changes G-protein shape and GTP attaches that causes GDP to fall off.
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What does adenylyl cyclase do (AC)
Turns ATP into cAMP
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What does kinase do
Phospholyrates a protein
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What does phospholipase C do (PLC)
It takes PIP2 and breaks it down to IP3 and DAG
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What are the 2 devisions of the PNS
Autonomic and Somatic
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What are the 2 divisions of the ANS
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
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What are the targets for the ANS
- Cardiac and smooth muscle
- Exocrine glands and some endocrine glands
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What is the target for SNS
Skeletal muscle
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What neurotransmitter is released from the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons
Acetylcholine (Ach)
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What neurotransmitter is released from the postganglionic sympathetic neurons
Norepinephrine
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What are two types of cholinergic receptors
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What are the two types of adrenergic receptors
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