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European Union
New Name for the European community after the maastricht agreements of 1991. As of 2008 it consisted of 27 member countries
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Maastricht agreement
1991 agreement among member states of the european union to expand cooperation on social, foreign, judicial, and security matters and adopted a timetable for the institution of common economic policies
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euro
the common currency launched by the european union in 1999 and 2002 to eliminate the cost of currency exchange and boost trade and economic interaction
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ethnic cleansing
an effort through forced relocation or even mass killing to remove an unwanted ethnic group from a particular geographical area. This tactic was implemented by Yugoslavian ruler Slobodan Milosevic to unite all serbs
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G-8
the group of 7 (association of world's 7 largest powers the US, Japan, Germany, France, Britain, Italy and Canada) plus Russia, which was invited to meet on some occasions but excluded on others
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Vladimir Putin
emerged in 1999 to become Russia's dominant leader
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World Trade Organization
growing from a multilateral trade agreement in 1947 it sought with mixed success to promote free trade throughout the world. by the early 21st century WTO meetings tended to draw demonstrations by antiglobalization activists
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DEC. 25, 1991
Yelstin started anticommunist demonstrations and tore down statues of Lenin. Ukraine voted for independence from soviet union
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JAN. 1, 1992
Gorbachev finally resigned and the official dissolution of the soviet union started the European map again included Russia as well as 14 other sovereign states that had once been apart of Soviet Union
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GULAGS
- forced labor camps in soviet union dropped by
- Khrushchez
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BERLIN WALL
built to keep East German from moving to West Germany. Kept East Germany communist
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WARSAW PACT
Military diplomatic alliance of Soviet bloc countries created to counter NATO
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MARSHALL PLAN
US commitment of 13.5 billion to help western Europe rebuild after the war outline by US secretary of State General George Marshall
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JACQUES MARITAIN
French catholic thinker hostile to Marxism believed that only a return to religious tradition would prevent horrors in the future
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JEAN PAUL SARTRE
ant catholic – existentialist – part of French revolution believed that Marxism could be revamped
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EXISTENTIALISM
a philosophical & cultural movement, often associated with Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, for whom an authentic human response to an apparently meaningless universe entailed commitment & responsibility
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AXIS POWERS
Germany, Italy and Japan
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ALLIED POWERS
Great Britain, US, Soviet Union and France and China
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BATTLE OF STALINGRAD
turning point in war decisive WWII battle in which soviet forces launched repeated counterattacks on Germany’s 6th army stopping it from advancing farther and finally forcing It to surrender
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LEND-LEASE ACT
Act by congress authorizing President to lend or lease weapons or other aid to countries the president designated
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YALTA conference
1945 meeting of Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill in which they began outlining plans for the postwar order including the military occupation of Germany
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MANHATTAN PROJECT
atomic bomb project was more difficult then the US thought and took a concentrated effort to have the atomic weapons ready for use
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COLLECTIVIZATION
Soviet program under Stalin that reshaped agriculture by forcing peasants into government-controlled collective farms in order to finance rapid industrialization.
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HEINRICH HIMMLER
director of the SS and leader of the Gestapo. This was the institutional basis for the most troubling aspects of Nazism
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SCHUTZSTAFFEL (S.S.)-
specially selected Nazi elite entrusted with the most sensitive ideological tasks of the Nazi regime and responsible for many of its worst atrocities.
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THE GESTAPO
the secret police of Germany. Could interpret the will of the leader and decide whether someone was guilty or not bypassing the regular court system. People feared them.
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LEBENSRAUM
- for decades German imperialist could not decide whether to conquer colonies or expand by invading Europe.
- Hitler saw the indecision as its failure in WWI. Hitler saw the future in land based stated unifying geographical contiguous with the space necessary for self sufficiency (Lebensraum) necessary for agricultural-industrial balance
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JOSEPH GOEBBELS
Hitler’s propaganda minister created the Hitler myth which made Hitler seem like a hero and the man of the people, even the embodiment of healthy German ideals against the excesses and corruption that could be attributed to the Nazi party.
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GUERNICA
painted by Pablo Picasso of the Spanish Pavilion at the 1937 Paris exhibition. Conveys his horror and outrage of the German bombing of the Spanish town Guernica
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SUN YIXIEN
- Chinese nationalist recognizing the need to
- adopt science and technology of the west without sacrificing the traditions and unique culture of china. Considered Father of modern China
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MAGINOT LINE
a 200 mile system of elaborate permanent fortifications on France’s eastern border named for war minister Andre Maginot and built primarily during the 1930’s. It was a defense against German frontal assault in 1940 the Germans invaded by flanking the line
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CORPORATIVISM
the system established in fascist Italy beginning in 1926 that sought to involve people in public life not as citizens but as producers through their roles in the economy
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LATERAN PACT
formerly ending dispute between Catholic church and Italy it restored a measure of sovereignty to the Vatican with the Condordat it gave the church significant roles in public education and marriage law
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COMINTERN
- association founded in March 1919 by the
- communists (formerly Bolsheviks ) to translate their success in Russia into leadership of the international socialist movement
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CHARLES LINDBERGH
completed first solo flight across the atlantic exploiting fascination of air travel
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WEIMAR REPUBLIC
- forced to take responsibility for Versailles Treaty.
- Gov. struggling to keep Germany from falling a part and revolution sprung up all over Germany high inflation. By 1920 Germany had a multiparty system and the republic eventually fell
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OSWALD SPENGLER
- german thinker concerned about culture decline
- wrote the “Decline of the West” how spirituality and creativity were giving way to materialistic based culture in the West
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BENEDETTO CROCE
- Italy anti-facist explained why democracy,
- institutions and other practices were exactly what the country needed
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JOSE ORTEGA Y GASSET
concerned for the dangers of the emerging mass civilization. Spanish thinker “The revolt of the Masses
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SURREALISM
- a literary and artistic movement that emerged
- in Paris in the early 1920’s,
- it sought to explore the subconscious, which it believed to hold something liberating for human beings
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BAUHAUS
- a influential German art school founded in 1919
- sought to adopt contemporary materials to develop new forms of architecture, design, and urban planning in response to the cultural uncertainty that followed World War I
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Truman Doctrine
Gave aid to Greece and Turkey to stop them from becoming communists
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Iron Curtain
Term coined by Winston Churchhill to describe takeover of eastern europe after WWII by the USSR
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Berlin Airlift
1 year of flights by western allies to west Berlin to bring food and clothing, medicine etc. Cause USSR to cut off rail and road traffic
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Cold War Warriors US
Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Nixon, Regaen
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Cold War Warrior USSR
Stalin, Krushchev, Brezhnev
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Military Leaders in WWII
- Eisenhower of US
- Montgomery of Great Britain
- Rommel of Germany
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Battles in ETO
Normandy Invasion, D-Day Battle of the Bulge
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V.E
victory in europe May 8 1945
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Military leader in PTO
- General Douglas McArthur and Chester Nimitz allies
- Admiral Yamamoto axis
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Island hopping
strategies by allies to take over an island from Japan by aerial bombing, naval gunfire and infantry landing on islands
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Doctrine of Containment
Keenan's telegram alerted US that they could not reason with USSR and to stop spread of communism
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