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Human Physiology Final - Glucose Homeostasis
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(Anabolic/Catabolic) pathways predominate during the absorptive state
Anabolic
Major hormones during absorptive state
Insulin
Growth hormone
(Anabolic/Catabolic) pathways predominate during the post absorptive state
Catabolic
The majority of ingested CHO is digested and absorbed in ______________________
Upper 20% of small intestine
Digestion of CHO begins where?
Mouth (salivary amylase)
3 Glut transporters expressed in GI epithelial cells
SGLT 1
Glut 5
Glut 2
SGLT 1
Luminal membrane of GI epithelial cells
Co-transport Na and glucose or galactose into epithelial cell
Glut 5
Luminal membrane of GI epithelial cells
Transports fructose into epithelial cells
Glut 2
Basal membrane of GI epithelial cells
Transports monosaccharides out of GI epithelial cells into interstitial space
Glucose enters liver by facilitated transport through ________
Glut 2 transporters
Increase in plasma blood glucose --> Pathway in liver
Increased glucose
Enters hepatocytes through GLUT2 transporters
Glucose ---(glucokinase)---> G6P
2 fates of G6P
: G6P ---> glycogen synthesis (enhanced by insulin); G6P ---> triglyceride storage
Increase in plasma blood glucose --> Pathway and effects in beta cells of pancreas
Glucose enters beta cells through GLUT2
Glycolysis + krebs cycle, etc.
Increased ATP
ATP sensitive K channels close --> membrane depolarization
V-gated Ca channels open
Influx of calcium into the cell; calcium induced calcium release
Fusion of insulin containing secretory vesicles to membrane
Insulin released
Most potent stimulator of insulin secretion?
Glucose
Insulin (stimulates/inhibits) hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis and (stimulates/inhibits) glycogenesis
Inhibits
Stimulates
Insulin (stimulates/inhibits) glycogen synthesis by (activating/deactivating) glucokinase and glycogen synthase
Stimulates
Activating
Insulin (stimulates/inhibits) glycogen phosphorylase activity
Inhibits
Insulin (stimulates/inhibits) G-6-phosphatase
Inhibits
Insulin (stimulates/inhibits) glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes
Stimulates
Insulin stimulates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes via _______ transporters
GLUT4
GLUT4 Translocation Pathway in skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes
Insulin binds to its protein kinase receptor
Recruits and phosphorylates IRS
IRS stimulates PI3K
PI3K converts PIP2 to PIP3
PIP3, with PDK, activates Akt (protein kinase B)
Akt phosphorylates AS160
This inhibits AS160, allowing GLUT4 to move to the membrane and bring glucose into the cell
Muscle contraction (exercise) (stimulates/inhibits) GLUT4 translocation into muscle membrane
Stimulates
Mechanism by which exercise stimulates glucose uptake
Exercise stimulates AMPK (AMP activated kinase)
AMPK stimulates phosphorylation of AS160
Promotes GLUT4 translocation
Fat digestion and absorption occurs almost entirely in _________
the small intestine
Chylomicrons
Lipoproteins that transport dietary triglycerides and cholesterol from small intestine to body's cells
_______ breaks down chylomicrons
lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
VLDL
Transport triglycerides and cholesterol from liver to body's cells
VLDL degraded into ______, which is degraded into ________
IDL
LDL
LDL
lipoproteins that carry cholesterol to the body's cells
HDL
lipoproteins that carry cholesterol back from tissues and organs to the liver where it will be degraded or recycled
Major hormones of post absorptive state
Glucagon
Cortisol
Epinephrine
NE
GH
Goal of post absorptive state
Increase blood glucose and spare it for the brain
Author
jdwein39
ID
273160
Card Set
Human Physiology Final - Glucose Homeostasis
Description
asdfjka;
Updated
5/5/2014, 12:26:27 AM
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