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(Anabolic/Catabolic) pathways predominate during the absorptive state
Anabolic
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Major hormones during absorptive state
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(Anabolic/Catabolic) pathways predominate during the post absorptive state
Catabolic
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The majority of ingested CHO is digested and absorbed in ______________________
Upper 20% of small intestine
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Digestion of CHO begins where?
Mouth (salivary amylase)
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3 Glut transporters expressed in GI epithelial cells
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SGLT 1
- Luminal membrane of GI epithelial cells
- Co-transport Na and glucose or galactose into epithelial cell
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Glut 5
- Luminal membrane of GI epithelial cells
- Transports fructose into epithelial cells
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Glut 2
- Basal membrane of GI epithelial cells
- Transports monosaccharides out of GI epithelial cells into interstitial space
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Glucose enters liver by facilitated transport through ________
Glut 2 transporters
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Increase in plasma blood glucose --> Pathway in liver
- Increased glucose
- Enters hepatocytes through GLUT2 transporters
- Glucose ---(glucokinase)---> G6P
- 2 fates of G6P: G6P ---> glycogen synthesis (enhanced by insulin); G6P ---> triglyceride storage
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Increase in plasma blood glucose --> Pathway and effects in beta cells of pancreas
- Glucose enters beta cells through GLUT2
- Glycolysis + krebs cycle, etc.
- Increased ATP
- ATP sensitive K channels close --> membrane depolarization
- V-gated Ca channels open
- Influx of calcium into the cell; calcium induced calcium release
- Fusion of insulin containing secretory vesicles to membrane
- Insulin released
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Most potent stimulator of insulin secretion?
Glucose
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Insulin (stimulates/inhibits) hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis and (stimulates/inhibits) glycogenesis
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Insulin (stimulates/inhibits) glycogen synthesis by (activating/deactivating) glucokinase and glycogen synthase
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Insulin (stimulates/inhibits) glycogen phosphorylase activity
Inhibits
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Insulin (stimulates/inhibits) G-6-phosphatase
Inhibits
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Insulin (stimulates/inhibits) glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes
Stimulates
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Insulin stimulates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes via _______ transporters
GLUT4
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GLUT4 Translocation Pathway in skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes
- Insulin binds to its protein kinase receptor
- Recruits and phosphorylates IRS
- IRS stimulates PI3K
- PI3K converts PIP2 to PIP3
- PIP3, with PDK, activates Akt (protein kinase B)
- Akt phosphorylates AS160
- This inhibits AS160, allowing GLUT4 to move to the membrane and bring glucose into the cell
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Muscle contraction (exercise) (stimulates/inhibits) GLUT4 translocation into muscle membrane
Stimulates
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Mechanism by which exercise stimulates glucose uptake
- Exercise stimulates AMPK (AMP activated kinase)
- AMPK stimulates phosphorylation of AS160
- Promotes GLUT4 translocation
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Fat digestion and absorption occurs almost entirely in _________
the small intestine
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Chylomicrons
Lipoproteins that transport dietary triglycerides and cholesterol from small intestine to body's cells
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_______ breaks down chylomicrons
lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
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VLDL
Transport triglycerides and cholesterol from liver to body's cells
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VLDL degraded into ______, which is degraded into ________
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LDL
lipoproteins that carry cholesterol to the body's cells
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HDL
lipoproteins that carry cholesterol back from tissues and organs to the liver where it will be degraded or recycled
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Major hormones of post absorptive state
- Glucagon
- Cortisol
- Epinephrine
- NE
- GH
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Goal of post absorptive state
Increase blood glucose and spare it for the brain
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