Study Cards For Last HISTORY EXAM

A Movement in South Africa that separated Blacks from Whites. Blacks had small freedom. Whites dominated over Blacks.

A Group that opposed apartheid. Lead by Nelson Mandela.

Leader of the African National Congress. Imprisoned for opposing South African government. Ended apartheid. President from 1994-1999. died December 5th 2013.

President of South Africa: Ended apartheid. Worked on reforms to achieve equal voting rights for both blacks and whites in South Africa.

An Uprising of School students from Sowetan schools in South Africa against apartheid: 600 protesters died during this uprising.

Single political party that controls the government. Dictators ruled many nations by using this system. Held elections were controlled by bribes or death threats.

giving loyal followers of the one-party system well paid positions in the government.

1990s- tribal violence  between Hutu v. Tutsi. Hutu led gov’t - massacre of 1 million Tutsi and moderate Hutu

A Civil War between two different one party systems. Muslim North v. Southern tribal groups who were Christians. estimated 2 million dead. considered genocide.

Dictator of Iraq: Took control in 1979: Built largest army in middle east: Capital Babylon: built up huge wealth for himself:

the spread of desert like conditions. Continuous cycles of drought and famine.

Extreme food shortage

A widespread of disease in a country or continent. (Ex. the Black Death was an Epidemic.)

A movement that preserved African culture from 1930s - rejected Europeans, embraced African heritage Some used Swahili - novels, poetry

First Prime Minister of the new Israel. Created the new government on may 14th, 1948.

Took over Egypt in 1952 with a military coup: One Party gov't: Improved economy, industrialized: Nonalignment - aid from US and USSR:

When Nasser did not receive funding for the Aswan Dam he took Suez by force. Britain, France and Israel defeated him: US - made them give it to him to avoid a conflict with the USSR: Hero of the Arabs:

Arab unity against Jews, Christians, US etc... Had limited success.

A strategic importance in world politics. OPEC is a oil producing coalition of nations

In 1967 Egypt ordered the United Nations to remove all of it's troops from Gaza, Sinai: Egyptian troops moved into Sinai: Israel attacked - took out air force in Egypt, Syria and Jordan: War won in 6 days.

1973: highest Holy Day: Egyptian-retaliation attack: Golda Meir - Israeli Prime Minister: U.S. supported Israel: Israel - pushed back Egypt and Syria:

Prime Minister of Israel during the Yom Kippur War.

President of Egypt assassinated in 1981 by own military officer:

Israeli politician: founder of Likud: Before Israel leader of the Zionist militant group:

Widespread protests in Middle East and North Africa: Began in Tunisia Dec 2010-spread by internet: Affected almost every Muslim country - more rights, participation in government: Overthrew gov't in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya & Yemen: Many nations still unstable:

A series of treaties signed by Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin: These treaties established peace between Egypt and Israel:

Palestinian resentment of Israeli occupation boiled into a rebellion:

Leader of PLO: Signed Oslo Accords: Died in 2004:

Iranian religious leader and politician: Leader of 1979 Iranian Revolution: Overthrew Mohammad Reza Pahlavi:

Revolution ousted shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi - too Western, Iran more industrialized: Shia Muslims led by Ayatollah Khomeini - took gov't: A direct descendant of Mohammed: Established sharia law - based on Koran:

Rules and regulations founded by Islamic governments. These rules were based or the Koran, and were followed by almost all Muslims. Rules consisted of women being completely hidden by clothes: Not allowed in public without male relative or husband.

Form of government: Not actual elected government: Religious leaders giving orders to elected government:

1990: invasion of Kuwait by Saddam Hussein over territory dispute: Coalition of gov't - U.S. Saudi Arabia, other Arab nations opposed Hussein: 1991 - Desert Storm - quick end to war: Hussein still in power of Iraq:

• 2003-2010:
• REASONS:
• Iraq gave aid to terrorists:
• Chemical weapons against own people:
• Refused weapon inspection by the UN:
• Feared Hussein had WMDs could use or give to terrorists:

• Quick overthrow of government:
• Hussein in hiding; executed in 2006:
• Never found WMDs:
• Civil War - insurgents against stable Iraq; different Muslim factions Free elections 2005:
• Current Prime Minister Nouri al Malaki:
• Still has terrorist attacks:

Mixture of Catholicism and Marxism believes:

Relatives who ruled/rule Cuba: Fidel led revolution against U.S.: Retired Raul took over: Raul more radical than Fidel:

Argentine Marxist revolutionary: physician: guerrilla leader: Major figure in Cuban Revolution: Helped lead it:

1979: Somoza forced to flee: Revolutionary group that took over capital: Rule as junta, group of leaders who rule jointly: Launched economic, social reforms: Allowed political opposition: Contras - US supported opposition guerilla group against Marxist Sandinistas:

Group or leaders ruling as a government jointly over a country:

US supported opposition guerilla group against Marxist Sandinistas:

Married couple who ruled Argentina: Juan Dictator from 1943-1955: Eva populist wife; died of cancer at 33:

Supporter of rights for the common people:

extremely high inflation levels:

military dictator and drug lord-ousted in 1989 serving time in prison:

dictator that overthrew Salvador Allende, a Socialist Now democratic system:

Marxist leader: controlled economy - put in shambles: Close ties to Cuba, Castro: Today-Marxist leader: Economic unrest; hunger: Protests in the street:

elected in 2000: Not in the PIR: worked well with US, opposed harsh treatment of immigrants:

Current President of Mexico: PRI, reformer: Granted US factories in Mexico:

North America Free Trade Association

War between Argentina and Britain: Over Falkland islands: Argentina attempted to gain control over islands and remove British control: Operation failed. Britain still in control:

elected President in 1990: Peaceful transfer of power from Sandinistas:

Sandinista: Current President of Nicaragua:

process in which trade and culture link together countries around the world: Cultural Mix:

relationship among countries in which they depend on one another for resources, goods and services:

large companies that operate in multiple countries:

companies send work elsewhere to cut costs and/or increase production: China makes Americas electronics is an example of outsourcing:

tries to guarantee that a fair price is paid to workers & farmer in developing countries:

mixture of multiple different countries all into one society or economy: