-
what are the portals of entry
- mucous membranes (mouth nose eyes GI urinary tract)
- skin
- parenteal (puncture wounds, bites,surgery)
-
the number of a pathogen it would take to make 50% of the population sick
ID50
-
attach to a host
use specific cell receptor
attach with pili or fimbriae
adhearence
-
bacteria injects invasin which moves around actin filaments so host will engulf a pathogen
penetration
-
what are the enzymes used to break down host defense
- coagulase
- kinase
- hyaluronidase
- collagenase
- IgA protease
-
bacterial enzymes that coagulate blood so bacteria can hide in the coagulated blood.
coagulase
-
break down fibrin and digest clots formed by the body. sometimes the body will form clots to prevent spread of infection
Kinases
-
breaks down the connection between cells so that the bacteria can move freely through the tissue
hyaluronidase
-
breaks down collagen so it can move through this type of tissue
collagenase
-
pathogens that produce this protease will break down this antibody found in mucous secretions
IgA protease
-
what method other than enzymes can bacteria use to increase ability to infect cells
- antigenic variation
- cell wall componants
- capsule
- penetration
-
what type of toxin in tetanus
A-B toxin
-
what type of toxin is an erythrogenic
membrane disrupting toxin
-
what type of toxin is staphylococcal enterotoxin
super anitgen
-
damages red blood cells and blood vessels causing a reddish tint to the skin
erythrogenic
-
binds to nerve cells that innervate skelatal muscle. blocks the ability of the muscle to relax
tetanus
-
super antigen that results in toxic shock syndrome organ failure
staphylococcal enterotoxin
-
an endotoxin that is released into a host after the bacteria die and the cell membrane is broken down
LPS
-
why is LPS bad
stimulates macrophages to secrete high amounts of cytokines which can cause death to the host, fever, chills and aches
-
how do viruses evade immune system
- grow inside the cell
- achetylcholine receptors
- receptors
- cd4 cells
-
5 cytopathic effects of viruses
- stop host cell division
- cause host to release lysosomes content
- inclusion bodies-pieces of viruses waiting to be assembled
- change ability of host to produce immune proteins
- change the cell so it will be targeted for immune destruction
- cause chromosome change
- cause cancer by preventing contact inhibition
-
what are 3 cytopathic effects of fungi
- inhibit protein synthesis
- secrete proteases
- produce capsule to prevent phagocytosis
- produce hallucinagenic toxins
- decrease circulation leading to gangrene
- cancer causing agents
- potent neurotoxins
-
alter genetic make up in a way that prevents them from being recognized by the immune system even after prior exposure
antigenic variation
-
algae that releases red tide neurotoxin which makes people very sick. get when eat fish that have ingested this algae
dinoflagellates
-
what are the 4 most common portals of exit
- respiratory (sneezing, coughing,)
- GI (saliva, diarreha)
- urinary tract (urine, sti)
- skin ( wounds, bites)
-
what are the three lines of defense
-
skin, mucous membranes, tears, sweat, ear wax, hair, saliva, cilia in bronchi, gastric juices are all part of which line of defense
1st (innate)
-
no memory, basophils, nutrophils,eosinophils, inflammation, machrophages, fever are all characteristics of which line of defense
2nd (innate)
-
has memory, includes tcells and bcells, arises from infection are all characteristics of which line of defense
3rd (adaptive)
-
what are the 5 mechanisms of phagocytosis
- chemotaxis
- adhearence
- ingestion
- digestion
- release
-
damaged host tissue and white blood cells will release cytokines, which activate T and B cells
chemotaxis
-
toll like receptors on macrophages allow phagocytic cells to attach to the surface of the pathogen
adhearence
-
plasma membrane extension reach out from the macrophage and surround the pathogen. extensions fuse and pull the pathogen into the cell. merges with the lysosomes
ingestion
-
lysosome content digests molocule
digestion
-
waste is released through exocytosis
release
-
after injury phagocytic cells migrate to and attach themselves to the blood vessels at the site of the infection/damage
margination
-
the passage of blood cells through the intact walls capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation
diapedesis
-
4 ways that the pathogens evade innate immune system
- m protein make pathogen slippery
- to big
- can release toxin that will make phagosome digest itself
- escape from vesicle
-
example of pathogen with m protein
strep pyogens
-
pathogen to large to be endocytosed
strep pneumoniae
-
pathogen that will make phagosome digest itself
staphylococcus
-
pathogen that can escape from phagosytosed vessicle
- trypanosoma cruzi
- lysteria
-
steps of inflammation
- 1. vasodilation and icreased permeability of blood vessels
- 2. phagocyte migration and phagocytosis
- 3. tissue repair
-
what are some negative things that can result from swelling
- overproduction of damage repairing collagen fibers
- can lead to auto immune problems
-
what is another way to classify disease
- how diseases are spread
- how contagious
- occurance
- severity and duration
- extent of host involvement
-
what are the stages of disease
- incubation period (no symptoms)
- prodromal phase ( vague symptoms)
- invasive phase (Most severe symptoms)
- acme
- decline ( declining symptoms)
- convalescence
-
what is a nosocomial infection
acquired in a hospital
-
what three things needed to be a nosocomial infection
- micro organism in hospital enviroment
- compromised immune system of patients
- chain of transmission
-
why are fevers good
- increase the mechanism for repair
- increase transferons
- increase the activity of anti viral transferons
-
why are fevers bad
- cause tachycardia
- acidosis
- electrolyte imbalance
- delirium
- seizures
- death
-
what are the three pathways in the compliment system
- classical pathway
- alternative pathway
- lectin pathway
-
what triggers a classical pathway
antibodies attach to antigens which bind to C1
-
what triggers an alternative pathway
C3 combines with compliment proteins B,D,P
-
what triggers the lectin pathway
lectin
-
what is the best description of descriptive epidemiology
collecting data
-
what is the best description of analytical epidemiology
- analyzing data
- creating a hypothesis
-
what are the pathogenic effects of a viral infection
- can cause cancer
- causes cells to release lysomsomal content
-
what are the effects of a helminth infection
- anemia
- lymph blockage
- malnutrition
- release toxins that cause diarrhea
-
what are parts of the second line of defense
- compliment
- inflammation
- fever
- neutophils
- macrophages
-
diapedesis is a word that means
process by which immune cells squeeze between the endothelium of blood vessels at the site if infection
-
steps of phagocytosis
- chemotax
- attach
- endocytose
- digestion
- release
-
what happens when compliment is activated
- opsonization
- cytolisis
- inflammation
-
ctyolisis means to
poke holes in the outside of the cell membrane
-
what is the best explanation of degranulation
exocytosis of the cytoplasmic contents that lead to inflammation
-
iron binding proteins include things like
- heme groups in rbcs for oxygen transport
- siderophores that microorganisms use to take iron from a host
-
what is adaptive immunuity
the specific immune response
-
what makes up adaptive immunity
-
what are the five classes of antibodies
-
what does IgG activate
compliment system
-
what antibody clumps viruses and cells together
IgM
-
what antibody is found in tears, sweat and breast milk
IgA
-
initiates immune response through degranulation,involved in allergic reactions
IgE
-
what are the different types of t cells
- helper t cells
- regulatory t cells
- killer t cells
- memory t cells
-
5 types of cytokines are
- interferons
- interleukins
- tumor necrosis factor
- growth factors
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