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What is the difference between Compression and Rarefaction?
- Compression: Increase in pressure
- Rarefaction: Decrease in pressure.
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The main component of PITCH...
It is measured in...
- Frequency
- C.P.S. or Hertz Hz
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The formula for Frequency=
F=1/t
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Harmonics are...
Overtones of the fundamental frequency.
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What is the main component of LOUDNESS?
Amplitude
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RMS stands for and means...
- Root Mean Squared
- The square root of the averages of the squares of the values.
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Frequency response is...
Amplitude vs frequency
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The most used sound velocity is...
1,130 fps.
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Wave length=
- Velocity divided by frequency
- symbols: Lambda = V/f
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Sound travels _____ in _____.
1 ft. in 1 millisecond.
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What is Envelope?
The internal dynamics of a sound / changes in amplitude over time.
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Envelope is made of four parts:
- Attack
- Decay
- Sustain
- Release
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What is Polarity?
What does it deal with?
A change in voltage direction for electrical waves. A change in compression / rarefaction in acoustic waves.
Voltage
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Phase deals with...
What is it measured with?
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A _____ phase shift results in Phase Cancellation. (Destructive)
A _____ phase shift results in Phase Reinforcement. (Constructive)
- 180 degrees
- 0 or 360 degrees
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_________ is caused by time delays by path length differences and is a combination of constructive and destructive interference.
Comb Filter Effect
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Which wave is simple and pure?
Sine
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The outer ear includes:
Pinna and auditory canal
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What does the pinna do and where is it located?
What does the pinna cause also?
- Catches and focuses the acoustic waves into the ear canal.
- Outer ear
Phase shifts
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What is the resonant frequency of the ear by the ear canal that we hear best at?
3 kHz
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The middle ear includes:
Eardrum, ossicles, and eustachian tube
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Ossicles include and are located...
- Hammer, anvil, and stirrup
- Middle ear
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The inner ear includes:
Cochlea and semicircular canals
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The cochlea includes and is located...
- Oval window
- Basilar membrane
- Hair cells
- Organ of corit
- Round window
Inner ear
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What is Tinnitus?
ringing in the ear caused by hearing damage
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_______ show the frequency response of our hearing.
Varies with...
What term is used in loudness levels?
- Equal Loudness Curves (Contours)
- SPL
- Phon
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How many frequency critical bands are there?
24
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Of the weighted measurements for Equal Loudness Curves, A=___ and C=___
- A=40 phon curve
- C=90 phon curve
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What is a Beat or Fused Tone?
What are Combination Tones?
2 pure tones with a frequency difference of about 5-15 Hz combined
2 pure tones with a frequency difference greater than the critical bandwidth combined
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What is Masking
A louder sound covering a softer sound with a frequency near each other.
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What is the Doppler Effect?
When a sound source is moving in relation to the listener, or vice versa, the pitch goes UP as they APPROACH and DOWN as they move AWAY.
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ITD and IAD stand for...
Which is used for which frequencies?
- Interaural Time Difference
- Interaural Amplitude Difference
- ITD for 80-800 Hz
- IAD for 1,600 Hz and up
- Between 800-1,600 is both
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What is the Cone of Confusion?
Area where all sounds produce the same ITD and IAD.
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What are the two parts of the Haas Effect?
The ear/brain will use the first arrival to locate the sound source.
The ear/brain will fuse together sound repetitions that arrive within about 20 milliseconds of each other (temporal fusion).
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How is a Phantom Image created?
By sending the same signal at the same amplitude to two speakers.
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What does HRTF stand for and what does it mean?
- Heat Related Transfer Function
- A measurement of how the head, ears, and upper body impact the sound arriving in the ear.
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