Well-accepted hypothesis that animals evolved from a colonial protist.
Colonial theory of animal origins
Predatory mollusk with a closed circulatory system; moves by jet propulsion.
Cephalopods
Stiff rod of connective tissue that runs the length of the body in chordate larvae or embryos.
Notochord
Mammal in which young are nourished within the mother's body by way of a placenta.
Placental mammals
Of some vertebrates, body opening that releases urinary and digestive waste, and functions in reproduction.
Cloaca
Preadult stage in some animal life cycles.
Larva
Having parts arranged around a central axis, like spokes around a wheel.
Radial symmetry
Modern humans; evolved in Africa, then expanded their range worldwide.
Homo sapiens
Tubular, typically sessile, cnidarian body form.
Polyp
One or more types of cells that are organized in a specific pattern and that carry out a particular task.
Tissue
Animal that makes both eggs and sperm.
Hermaphrodite
Saclike organ inside which blood exchanges gases with the air.
Lung
Informal name for a lineage of chimpanzee-sized hominins that lived in Africa between 4 million and 1.2 million years ago.
Australopiths
Egg-laying mammal.
Monotremes
Animal that gains heat from the environment; commonly called “cold-blooded.”
Ectotherms
Skirtlike extension of tissue in mollusks; covers the mantle cavity and secretes the shell in species that have a shell.
Mantle
Bell-shaped, free-swimming cnidarian body form.
Medusa
Mollusk with a hinged two-part shell.
Bivalves
Neanderthals. Closest extinct relatives of modern humans; had large brain, stocky body.
Homo neanderthalensis
Internal skeleton.
Endoskeleton
Habitually walking upright.
Bipedalism
Animal without a backbone.
Invertebrates
Fish that has a skeleton of cartilage, but no jaws or paired fins; for example, a lamprey.
Jawless fishes
Segmented worm with a coelom, complete digestive system, and closed circulatory system.
Annelids
Vertebrate with four limbs.
Tetrapods
Hard, flattened elements that cover the skin of reptiles and some fishes.
Scales
Dramatic remodeling of body form during the transition from larva to adult.
Metamorphosis
Bilaterally symmetrical invertebrate with organs but no body cavity; for example, a planarian or tapeworm.
Flatworms
Aquatic invertebrate that has no tissues or organs and filters food from the water.
Sponges
Of some arthropods, sensory structure on the head that detects touch and odors.
Antennae
Animal phylum characterized by a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a tail that extends beyond the anus. Includes invertebrate and vertebrate groups.
Chordates
Amniote subgroup that includes lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds.
Reptiles
Earliest named human species.
Homo habilis
A eukaryotic heterotroph that is made up of unwalled cells and develops through a series of stages. Most ingest food, reproduce sexually, and move.
Animals
Tubular gut.
Complete digestive tract
Invertebrate with a reduced coelom and a mantle.
Mollusks
Bony fish with fins supported by thin rays derived from skin.
Ray-finned fishes
Unsegmented worm with a pseudocoelom and a cuticle that is molted as the animal grows.
Roundworms
Egg with four membranes that allows an embryo to develop away from water.
Amniote eggs
External skeleton.
Exoskeleton
Humans and extinct humanlike species.
Hominins
Invertebrate chordates that have a fishlike shape and retain their defining chordate traits into adulthood.
Lancelets
Fish that has jaws, paired fins, and a skeleton made of cartilage; for example, a shark.
Cartilaginous fishes
Mollusk that moves about on its enlarged foot.
Gastropods
Bony fish with bony supports in its fins.
Lobe-finned fishes
Jawed fish with a skeleton composed mainly of bone.
Bony fishes
Monkeys, apes, and humans.
Anthropoids
Vertebrate that nourishes its young with milk from mammary glands.
Mammals
Animal that produces its own heat; commonly called “warm-blooded.”
Endotherms
A body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm.
Coelom
Human species that dispersed out of Africa.
Homo erectus
Vertebrate that produces amniote eggs; a reptile, bird, or mammal.
Amniotes
Animal with a backbone.
Vertebrates
Having right and left halves with similar parts, and a front and back that differ.
Bilateral symmetry
Invertebrate with jointed legs and a hardened exoskeleton that is periodically molted.
Arthropods
Land-dwelling arthropods with a pair of antennae, three pairs of legs, and—in the most diverse groups—wings.
Insects
Land-dwelling arthropods with four pairs of walking legs and no antennae; for example, a spider, scorpion, or tick.
Arachnids
Mammalian group with grasping hands; includes lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.
Primates
Mostly marine arthropods with two pairs of antennae; for example, a shrimp, crab, lobster, or barnacle.
Crustaceans
Members of the genus Homo.
Humans
Aquatic vertebrate of the oldest and most diverse vertebrate group.
Fishes
Tonguelike organ of many mollusks.
Radula
Organ of the vertebrate urinary system that filters blood and adjusts its composition.
Kidneys
Backbone.
Vertebral column
Invertebrate chordates that lose their defining chordate traits during the transition to adulthood.
Tunicates
Saclike gut.
Gastrovascular cavity
Modern amniote with feathers.
Birds
Tetrapod with a three-chambered heart and scaleless skin that typically develops in water, then lives on land as a carnivore with lungs.
Amphibians
Eye that consists of many individual units, each with its own lens.
Compound eyes
Mammal in which young complete development in a pouch on the mother's body.
Marsupials
Of echinoderms, a system of fluidfilled tubes and tube feet that function in locomotion.
Water vascular system
Invertebrates with a water–vascular system and an endoskeleton made of hardened plates and spines.
Echinoderms
Radially symmetrical invertebrate with two tissue layers; uses tentacles with stinging cells to capture food.
Cnidarians
A change causes a response that reverses the change.
Negative feedback
Capable of developing into any type of cell in a multicelled body.
Pluripotent
Fluid connective tissue with cells that form inside bones.
Blood
Involuntary muscle that lines blood vessels and hollow organs; not striated.
Smooth muscle tissue
A collection of one or more specific cell types that are organized in a way that suits them to a task.
Tissue
Striated, involuntary muscle of the heart wall.
Cardiac muscle tissue
Connective tissue with cells surrounded by a rubbery matrix of their own secretions.
Cartilage
Deep layer of skin that consists of connective tissue with nerves and blood vessels running through it.
Dermis
Ductless gland that secretes hormones into a body fluid.
Endocrine glands
Gland that secretes milk, sweat, saliva, or some other substance through a duct.
Exocrine glands
Main type of cell in nervous tissue; transmits electrical signals along its plasma membrane and communicates with other cells through chemical messages.
Neuron
Main cell type in soft connective tissue; secretes collagen and other components of extracellular matrix.
Fibroblasts
Animal tissue composed of neurons and supporting cells; detects stimuli and controls responses to them.
Nervous tissue
Animal tissue with an extensive extracellular matrix; provides structural and functional support.
Connective tissues
Structural unit that is composed of two or more tissues and adapted to carry out a particular task.
Organ
Process of maintaining favorable conditions inside the body.
Homeostasis
A cell that can divide and create more stem cells or differentiate to become a specialized cell type.
Stem cells
Sheetlike animal tissue that covers outer body surfaces and lines internal tubes and cavities.
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue with relatively few fibroblasts and fibers scattered in its matrix.
Loose connective tissue
Definition:
Connective tissue with cells surrounded by a mineral-hardened matrix of their own secretions.
Bone tissue
Connective tissue with fat-storing cells.
Adipose tissue
Organs that interact closely in some task.
Organ systems
Striated, voluntary muscle that interacts with bone to move body parts.
Skeletal muscle tissue
Connective tissue with many fibroblasts and fibers in a random or a regular arrangement.
Dense connective tissue
Outermost, epithelial skin layer.
Epidermis
Embryonic stem cells could not be used to make
C. Embryonic stem cells can make any of these.
Which of the following is not a potential risk of using embryonic stem cells?
B. They will function in the new body.
Which of the following is the lowest level of organization?
E. Cell
Which tissue is responsible for moving the body and its parts?
C. Muscular
The maintenance of favorable internal conditions is called
D. Homeostasis
Which of the following is not true of a simple squamous epithelium?
D. The cells are tall.
In anatomy, squamous epithelium (from Latin squama, "scale") is an epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting of flat, scale-like cells called squamous epithelial cells. Epithelium may be composed of one layer of these cells, in which case it is referred to as simple squamous epithelium, or it may possess multiple layers, referred to then as stratified squamous epithelium. Both types perform differing functions, ranging from nutrient exchange to protection
Which of the following is not an example of a connective tissue?
D. All these are connective tissues.
Cardiac muscle is
D. Striated and involuntary
Striated muscle is muscle tissue in which the contractile fibrils in the cells are aligned in parallel bundles, so that their different regions form stripes visible in a microscope.
Muscles of this type are usually attached to the skeleton by tendons and are under voluntary control.
Glands are found only in
C. Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue covers the whole surface of the body. It is made up of cells closely packed and ranged in one or more layers.
Neurons communicate with
A. Muscles, other neurons, and glands
The brain is found in the
C. Cranial cavity
Which of the following is not found in the dermis?
D. Stratified squamous epithelium
A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane.
Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane; the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity.
Which system is responsible for gas exchange with the atmosphere?
B. Respiratory system
Which of the following is not a role of the integumentary system?
B. Maintain solute composition of internal fluids.
The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails).
Which of the following is not a derivative of the integumentary system?
C. All these are derivatives of the integumentary system.
The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails).
Homeostasis requires interaction between all of the following, except
A. All these interact in homeostasis.
Homeostasis: the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.
Which of the following is not a response designed to lower body temperature?
E. Decreased blood flow to the skin
Which of the following external precautions does not help in avoiding hyperthermia?
C. Wear dark colors.
The ideal source of replacement cells would be
C. The patient's own cells
Researchers were able to recreate cells with Parkinson's disease by making what type of cell pluripotent?
D. Skin cells
Pluripotent, embryonic stem cells originate as inner cell mass (ICM) cells within a blastocyst. These stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a placenta.
Blastocyst: a mammalian blastula in which some differentiation of cells has occurred.
Blastula: an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells.
Tissues that are sheetlike with one free surface.
C. Epithelial
Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and also form many glands. Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport and detection of sensation.
___ connect(s) epithelium to underlying connective tissue.
D. Basement membrane
A gap junction or nexus or macula communicans is a specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. It directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells.
The basement membrane is a thin sheet of fibers that underlies the epithelium which lines the cavities and surfaces of organs including skin, or the endothelium which lines the interior surface of blood vessels. The name is somewhat misleading in that the basement membrane is not actually a membrane; rather, it is a matrix beneath any epithelium.
Keratinocyte is the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, constituting 90% of the cells found there. Those keratinocytes found in the basal layer (stratum basale) of the skin are sometimes referred to as "basal cells" or "basal keratinocytes".
The cell’s outer membrane made up of a two layers of phospholipids with embedded proteins. The plasma membrane separates the contents of the cell from its outside environment, and it regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Most animals have glands derived from ___ tissue.
D. epithelial
Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and also form many glands. Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport and detection of sensation.
Only ___ cells have cilia or microvilli at their surface.
A. epithelial
Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and
also form many glands. Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport and detection of sensation.
Microvillus (plural Microvilli) are each of a large number of minute projections from the surface of some cells.
Any of the minute hairlike structures projecting from the surface of certain types of epithelial cells, especially those of the small intestine.
The most abundant protein in the human body is ___, made by fibroblasts.
A. collagen
a Fibroblasts is a cell in connective tissue that produces collagen and other fibers.
Collagen is the main structural protein found in animal connective tissue, yielding gelatin when boiled.
Keratin is a fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hoofs, claws, horns, etc.
Melanin is a dark brown to black pigment occurring in the hair, skin, and iris of the eye in people and animals. It is responsible for tanning of skin exposed to sunlight.
Hemoglobin is a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a heme group.
___ consists mainly of plasma.
C. Blood
Your body converts excess carbohydrates and proteins to fats that accumulate in ___.
C. adipose tissue cells
A fibroblast is a cell in connective tissue that produces collagen and other fibers.
A neuron is a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.
Adipose tissue, or fat, is an anatomical term for loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body.
A melanocyte is a mature melanin-forming cell, typically in the skin.
___ tissues are the body's most abundant and widely distributed tissue.
A. Connective
Cells of ___ can shorten (contract).
D. muscle tissue
muscle tissue has a striped appearance and is under voluntary control.
C. Skeletal
___ detects and integrates information about changes and controls responses to those changes.
B. Nervous tissue
Thin cytoplasmic projections from cells called ___ carry signals between your spinal cord and your toes.
D. neurons
The functions of skin include ___.
A. all of these
When the level of sugar in your blood falls too low, your body senses this decline and converts glycogen to sugar, putting more sugar into your blood. This is an example of ___.
A. negative feedback and homeostasis
exocrine gland
i. secreted by fibroblasts; most abundant protein in a human body
j. support in ears and nose
B. secretes through duct
endocrine gland
C. ductless hormone secretor
Epidermis
H. outermost skin layer
dermis
C. mainly loose connective tissue
smooth muscle
C. contracts, not striated
Cardiac muscle
F. In heart only
Blood
H. Plasma, platelets, and cells
Melanin
C. Increases with sun exposure
Collagen
H. Secreted by fibroblasts; most abundant protein in a human body
Cartilage
I. Support in ears and nose
Secretes through duct
H. Exocrine gland
Ductless hormone secretor
I. Endocrine gland
Outermost skin layer
B. Epidermis
Mainly loose connective tissue
G. Dermis
Contracts, not striated
C. Smooth muscle
In heart only
E. Cardiac muscle
Plasma, platelets, and cells
E. Blood
Increases with sun exposure
C. Melanin
Secreted by fibroblasts; most abundant protein in a human body
J. Collagen
Support in ears and nose
H. Cartilage
Author
Dienekes
ID
275277
Card Set
Vertebrates & Invertebrates
Description
Organisms without backbones include most of the diversity of animal life. These organisms use various means to support their bodies, from simple fluid pressure to hard exoskeletons of chitin.
