The flashcards below were created by user
bananavocado
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
-
Cortex & Medulla-
Cortex : filters blood + removes waste
Medulla : maintains the balance of water + salt in blood.
-
Capsule
Bowman's capsule/ Glomerular : holds together the glomerulus
-
Ureter
delivers urine to the bladder.
-
Renal vein and artery
- Renal vein : transport blood away from the kidneys.
- Renal artery : transports blood towards the kidney
-
Renal Pelvis
Collects urine + channeling it into the ureters
-
Renal Pyramids
consists of tubule that transports urine from the coricol part of the kidney.
-
Renal Columns
Separates adjacent pyramids; it contains vessels + urinary tubes that run to the cortex.
-
Calyx
urine is passed from the kidney to the bladder
-
Renal hilum
it's a fissure in the kidneys where the renal arteries enter and the veins and ureters exit the kidney.
-
As filtrate passes through the nephron the renal process of reabsorption describes
The movement of water and solutes from the tubule lumen into the interstitial space and finally into the peritubular capillaries
-
The maximum solute concentration refers to the amount of solutes
In the interstitial space
-
Antidiuretic hormone affects the permeability of
The collecting duct
-
ADH aids the reabsorption of
Water
-
Tubule fluid osmolarity will always be the greatest in which of these locations?
The bottom of the Loop of Henley
-
Tubule fluid volume will always be the greatest in which of these locations?
The proximal convoluted tubule
-
Where does ADH directly alter the urine volume
In the collecting duct
-
Which of the following has a role in altering the urine volume and concentration
ADH, aldosterone, the total solute concentration gradient in the interstitial space surrounding the tubule lumen
-
the total solute concentration surrounding tubule lumen refers to the solutes in
the interstitial space
-
Aldosterone is produced in the
adrenal cortex
-
ADH promotes the renal reabsorption of
water
-
Aldosterone promote renal reabsorption of ____ and secretion of ____
NaCl, and potassium
-
If there has been a significant loss of fluid form the body, the kidney will generate ____ urine
hyperosmotic
-
If you drink a large volume of water, the kidneys will generate ___ urine
hypo-osmotic
-
In response to dehydration, ADH will be released from the
posterior pituitary glands
-
In resonse to abnormally low plasma osmolarity, aldosterone will increase
sodium reabsorption along the distal tubule along the collecting duct.
-
T/F insulin is a hormone secreted from the beta cells of the endocrine portion of the pancreas
T
-
T/F insulin promotes the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen
T
-
T/F insulin decreases plasma glucose level
T
-
T/F Insulin is a hormone secreted into the stomach to aid with starch digestion
F
-
How are plasma glucose level controlled?
by the opposing actions of insulin and glucagon
-
Where can plasma glucose be converted into glycogen stores?
in liver and muscle cells
-
What is the primary fuel for nerve cell metabolism?
glucose
-
A diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus implies
the pancreas is not producing enough insulin
-
A diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus implies that
the cells of the body are unresponsive to circulating insulin.
-
Glucagon is a hormone that...
opposes the action of insulin.
vice versa for glycogen
-
Cortisol
is a hormone important in the body's responds to stress
-
ACTH
tropic hormone that stimulates cortisol release
-
CRH has a ...
tropic effect on the anterior pituitary
-
Cushing's syndrome refers to
hypercortisolism which could be iatrogenic
-
A condition of hypocortisolism
refers to low levels of cortisol
-
T/F Anabolism refers to the chemical reactions that build larger, more complex molecules
T
-
T/F Catabolism refers to chemical reactions that break down large complex molecules into smaller molecules
T
-
T/F Energy released in metabolism can be in the form of heat
T
-
T/F all of the energy from metabolism is ultimately stored in the chemical bonds of ATP
F
-
Thyroxine is
the most important hormone for maintaining the metabolic rate and body temperature
-
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is
produced in the pituitary gland
-
An injection of TSH to an otherwise normal animal will cause which of the following.
- decreased levels of T4 secretion
- increased levels of TRH secretion
- hypothyroidism
- goiter development
Goiter development
-
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) is secreted from the what?
hypothalamus
-
What does the hypothalamus primarily secrete?
tropic hormones that stimulate the secretion of other hormones.
-
Know the difference between juxtamedullary and cortical nephrons and why they exist.
- Cortical nephrons: Short nephron loop. Glomerulus further from the cortex-medulla junction. Efferent arteriole supplies the peritubular capillaries.
- Juxtamedullary nephron: Long nephron loop. Glomerulus closer to the cortex-medulla junction. Efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta.
-
Identify effects of vasodilation and vasoconstriction on glomerular filtration rate.
pg. 966
-
What are the four types of signals and what are they considered as?
Name some examples of each type of cell!
- Signals are chemicals!
- - Amacrine: A signal that is produced by a cell that affects the same cell.
- - Paracrine: A signal that is produced by a cell that affects closely neighboring cells
- - Endocrine: A signal that is produced by a cell that travels through the blood to affect distant cellular targets within the body.
- - Exocrine: A signal that is produced by a cell that travels through the blood to the surface of the body. The cellular targets are outside of the body.
- - The retina contains amacrine cells.
- - somatostatin released by one population of pancreatic cells inhibits the release of insulin by different population of pancreatic cells. (paracrine)
-
Know the general histology of mucus membranes and how it varies in different parts of alimentary canal.
- - The mucosa (mucous membrane) is the innermost layer of the membrane. Functions include secretion of mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones. Absorbs the end products of digestion into the blood and protects infectious diseases. It's simple columnar epithelium.
- - The submucosa : external to the mucosa and is areolar connective tissue containing rich supply of blood and lymphatic vessels which helps supply the surrounding GI tract wall
- - The muscularis externa : responsible for segmentation and peristalsis. Forms the sphincters that act as valves to control food passage from one organ to the next and prevents back flow.
- - The serosa : outermost layer and is formed of aereolar connective tissue.
-
In the abdominal cavity identify and know functions for: liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, small (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and large intestine, cecum, rectum, spleen, peritoneum, mesentery and omentum.
- - Liver and gallbladder : accessory organs. Liver produces bile which is a fat emulsifier, for export to the duodenum and the bile is stored in the gallbladder.
- - Pancreas : produces enzymes that break down all categories of foodstuff. "Pancreatic juice"
- - Stomach : chyme
- - Small intestines : Mechanical breakdown and propulsion. Absorption: breakdown products of carbohydrate protein and fat.
- - Large intestines : Digestion with remaining food. Absorbs most water, electrolytes and vitamins. defecation eliminates feces from the body.
|
|