RAD-146 CH.14 URINARY SYSTEM ANATOMY & IVU PREP

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what structure protects the kidneys

lower ribcage
each ureter lies _____ to its respective kidney

anterior
Psoas muscle causes the kidneys to rotae backwards at a ____ deg angle

30
each kidney is surrounded by a mass of fatty tissue called ______
what is the function
- adipose capsule or perirenal fat
- holds the kidneys up in place and allows the kidney to radiographically on films
the kidneys lie between what two structures

midway between xiphoid process and iliac crest
which kidney is higher than the other
the bottom of the kidney lies at what vertebrae
- left kidney
- L3
what is nephroptosis

downward displacement of the kidneys
how do kidneys receive blood from where

arterial blood is received by the kidneys from the abdominal aorta via the left and right renal arteries
the renal veins connect directly to what to retrun blood to the right side of the heart

inferior vena cava
what is the hilum

the longitudinal fissure along the medial border of each kidney
each kidney is divided into an upper and lower part called

poles
what is the primary function of the urinary system

is the production of urine and its elimination from the body
during the production of kidneys what are the three things it does during this process
- removes nitrogenous wastes
- regulates water levels in the body
- regulates acid base balance and electrolyte levels
what nitrogenous wastes are formed during the normal metabolism of proteins

urea and creatinine
the buildup of nitrogenous waste in the blood is called

uremia
what is the test used to look up the function of the kidneys

a bun/creatinine test
what is the fibrous capsule surrounding each capsule

the cortex
the medulla is formed by _____ under the cortex

8-18 conical masses called renal pyramids
the cortex or area between each renal pyramid is called a _____

renal column
what is the renal pyramid

is a collection of tubules that converge at an opening at the renal papilla and drain into the minor calyx
the minor calyces unite to form the _____
the major calyces unite to form the _____ and narrow into the _____
- major calyces
- renal pelvis: ureters
what is the term used to describe the total functional portions of the kidneys

renal parenchyma
the structural and function unit of the kidneys is the microscopic _________

nephron unit
what arteries supply to and from the glomeruli
- afferent arterioles supply blood to the glomeruli
- efferent arterioles take blood away
each glomeruli is surrounded by a _____ which is the proximal portion of each nephron unit

glomerular capsule (bowmans capsule)
explain the flow of glomerular filtrate in the nephron and collecting duct

the GF travels from bowmans capsule to a proximal convoluted tubule to the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of henle to a distal convoluted tubule to a collecting tubule and then finally into a minor calyx
the filtrate is termed ______ by the time it reaches the minor calyx

urine
what is the function of the ureters
how long are ureters
- to convey urine from kidneys to bladder
- 28-34cm
where is the 3 points of constriction
what are the variations in ureter size
which is most constricted
- uretropelvic junction
- brim of the pelvis (where iliac blood vessels cross over the ureters)
- ureterovesical junction (most constricted)
1mm to 1cm

ureterovesical junction
what is the trigone

is the muscular area formed by the entrance of the two ureters and the exit site of the urethra and is firmly attached to the floor of the pelvis
how much urine is need to fill the bladder to feel the desired to void
what is the total capacity of the bladder
- 250 ml
- varies from 350-500ml
the act of voiding is called ____ (2 words)

micturation and urination
involuntary urination is called _____
is urination voluntary
- incontinence
- yes
what is the gland surrounding the urethra in men

prostate gland
what are the two most common side effects after injection of iodinated contrast media

temporary hot flash and metallic taste in the mouth
what is the pt history for an IVP/IVU
- ^{Have you ever had hay fever, asthma or hives?}
- ^{Are you allergic to any drugs or medication?}
- ^{Are you allergic to iodine?}
- ^{Are you allergic to any foods?}
- ^{Are you currently taking Glucophage?}
- ^{Have you ever have an xray exam that required an}
- _{injection into an artery or} vein?
what is the pt prep for an IVU (5)
- light evening meal prior to procedure
- bowel cleansing cathartic
- npo after midnight
- enema morning of examination
- void prior to procedure
before doing an IVU study and injecting contrast what must we check

the pt chart to determine BUN and creatinine levels and it should be reported before a urinary study
elevated levels of BUN and creatinine levels are indicators of ____

acute or chronic renal failure
what are the normal levels of creatinine and BUN
- creatinine 0.6-1.5mg/dl
- BUN 8-25mg
what is the purpose of glucophage

it is given for the management of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and polycystic ovarian syndrome
why is it important for glucophage be withheld for 48 hrs prior to a contrast media procedure and can be resinstituted after the procedure providing kidney function is normal recommended by the ACR

the combination of iodinated contrast and glucophage has been proved to increase the risk of contrast media induced renal failure
what is the urticaria

hives
between bowmans capsule and the minor calyces more than _____ of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the kidneys venous system

99
the loop of henle and the collecting tubules are located primarily where

in medulla
what are the mild reactions to contrast media during an IVU
- nausea and vomiting
- hives (uticaria)
- itching
- sneezing
- extravasion (burning or numbness at injection site) missing a vein
- vasovagal response (fainting)
what are the moderate reactions to contrast media (more severe than mild)
- excessive urticaria
- tachycardia
- giant hives
- excessive vomiting
what are the severe reactions to contrast media
- very low blood pressure
- cardiac or respiratory arrest
- loss of consciousness
- laryngeal edema
- cyanosis (bluish discoloration)
- difficulty breathing
- profound shock
the renal pyramuds are primarily a collection of tubules that converge at an opening called the

renal papilla
the kidneys and ureters are _______ (location)
the urinary bladder urethra and male reproductive organs are
- retroperitoneal
- infraperitoneal
what are two functions of the urethra

to eliminate stored urine in bladder and serve as a passageway for semen
which strcutures are located in the renal cortex
- DCT
- afferent arteriole
- efferent art.
- bowmans capsule
- PCT
which structures are located in the medulla
- loop of henle
- descending limb
- ascending limb
- collecting tube

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anatomy12

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RAD-146 CH.14 URINARY SYSTEM ANATOMY & IVU PREP

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xray

Updated

6/21/2014, 6:46:48 PM

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