Patho_Week_1_Infectious_Process_Elisa_GBC_2

The study of the structural and functional changes in CELLS, TISSUES, & ORGANS of the body that are caused by disease.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AKA THE ENEMY

• * The cause of the disease. (book defn)
• * This is what makes you get sick.
• ** What is CAUSING the disease**

Ex. The etiology of most urinary tract infections is because of bacteria

This is how the disease presents itself.

Ex. The manifestation of a urinary tract would be pain, burning, urinary retention etc.

This is what can go wrong from the disease process.  Something that is unexpected and usually dangerous.

Ex. A complications for a urinary tract infection would be kidney failure.

A prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disease.

The rate of incidence of a disease.

• Ex. Early surgery may therefore
• reduce the morbidity or rate of disease
• associated with frequent seizures.

Mortality = the rate of death

Remember that humans are MORTAL meaning we die

identifying or determining the cause of a disease or injury  through evaluation of patient history

Evaluation process used to determine a diagnosis

Medical treatment of disease; the art or science of healing.

the production and development of disease

• 1.  Genetics (passed via chromosomes)
• 2.  Biological (ex. bacteria and viruses)
• 3.  Chemical agent (nicotine from smoking)
• 4.  Autoimmunity (own immune system attaching itself Ex. MS or chrones)
• 5.  Malnutrion
• 6. Inflammation (arthritis or asthma)
• 7. Necrosis (tissue death)

• 1. age
• 2. gender
• 3. lifestyle
• 4. Stress
• 5.  Environment

VECTORBORNE TRANSMISSION

VectoreBORNE - is biological meaning it is alive.  (eg. insects)

Vehicle - is non-moving objects - water, milk, meat etc.)

• 1. Prions
• 2. Parasites
• 3. Fungus
• 4. Bacteria
• 5. Viruses

It is an infectious protein particle.

A prion is neither bacterial, fungal nor viral and contains no genetic material.

Ex. Prions are responsible for degenerative brain diseases, including mad cow

YOU GOT IT

**PRIONS**

• are pathogens (disease causing agents)that are incapable of replication outside living cells.
• (EX. HIV can not live on a toilet seat)

* The genetic information inside the viruses is either DNA or RNA. (never both!!)

• 1. LATENT = A nonactive virus which is in a dormant state within a cell. (Ex. Herpes can be Latent)
• 2. INFLUENZA = is a human infection that causes respiratory illness.
• 3. HIV = is retrovirus that has a viral enzyme, reverse transcriptase, to translate viral RNA into the hosts DNA

• * It is am infectious agent that can grow on its and does not require a host.
• * Bacteria is a PROKARYOTES (meaning they don't have an organized nucleus (floating all around))

• *bacteria contains both RNA and DNA which means they can replicate very quickly
• * bacteria has a special cell wall called peptidoglycan and allows the cell to survive and hard to kill.

Fungi is a EUKARYOTIC (organized nucleus) saprophytes (organism that feeds off of dead organic materials like food or skin cells like athletes foot)

1. Mold - which are powdery looking that grow on foods

2. Yeast - which is smooth, waxy & creamy in texture and usually grown on humans

an organism that lives in or on another organism

• 1. Helminths
• 2. Arthropods
• 3. Protozoa

Helminths is a worm like parasite.

Ex. Tapeworm - seen mostly in developing countries

Arthropods are external parasites because they only effect the external part of the body.

(ex. ticks, lice, mites and mosquitoes)

* Protozoa are microscopic, one-celled organisms that can be free-living or parasitic in nature.

• * Protozoa can cause:
• 1. Malaria - life treating blood disease if bitten by a mosquito
• 2. Dysentery - infection of the intestines resulting in severe diarrhea

• 1. Ingestion- oral or GI tract (eat it)
• 2. Inhalation- into respiratory tract (breath in)
• 3. Penetration- invasive devices (catheter, IV)
• 4. Direct Contact- person to person (sex, birth)

• 1. Community acquired - are outside the hospital
• 2.  Nosocomial - infection acquired from the hopsital

The ability of an infectious microbe to cause disease

or

The pathogen (infectious agent) strength to cause damage

• They are both the same.  They are the enemy.
• ***GERMS***

VIRULENCE

1. Specific - the organ involved is displaying the symptoms.  (Ex. If you have H1N1 your LUNGS would display difficulty breathing etc.

2. NON-Specific - are general symptoms.  (EX. if you have a fever it could be b/c of ANY reason - there go NON-SPECIFIC

• 1. Incubation period
• 2. Prodromal stage
• 3. Acute Stage
• 4. Convalescent period
• 5. Resolution

This is when the pathogen (the germ) begins active replication withOUT producing symptoms.

often the incubation period is determined by how healthy the individual is.  If they are not healthy the incubation period will be short.

This occurs with the FIRST appearance of symptoms which are NON-specific (ie. fever, tired, not feeling well)

often the length of this stage is different for each person

This occurs when the person experiences the maximum impact of the infection. The person is having SPECIFIC symptoms which indicates the area of infection (what part of the body is involved)

ie/ Respiratory infection involves SPECIFIC symptoms such as : short of breath, coughing, congestion

This occurs when the person begins to feel better, the symptoms are starting to go away and the infection is contained. The body has begun to repair itself and destroy the pathogen.

Often the length of this stage is determined by the type of pathogen and the person's overall health

This happens when there are no more symptoms of infection. Total elimination of the pathogen.

When the internal body temperature is above 37.5 C

The body's cells or the pathogen release PYROGENS (chemicals) which tell the body to increase the temperature and the result is NON-specific symptoms (fever, tired, not feeling well)

• 1. PRODROME
• 2. CHILL
• 3. FLUSH
• 4. DEFERVESCENCE

The person begins to feel the temperature rising, and feels unwell, achy and tired. These are NON-specific symptoms

The person begins to feel uncomfortable from a chill. They may start shivering and develop piloerection (goose bumps). Once the body's temperature has reached it's desired point the person will stop feeling chilled.

* The CHILL STAGE starts with the beginning of chills and ends when the chills disappear

This happens when the skin becomes red and warm. The blood vessels in the skin dilate (vasodialation) and allow more blood to rise to the skin and release the heat

The happens when the person becomes sweaty and there is a drop in body temperature