A&P Chapter 7

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  1. Afferent signals travel from _____ to _____
    receptors to CNS
  2. Efferent signals travel from _____ to _____ & _____
    CNS to muscles & glands
  3. where do motor neurons going to skeletal muscle originate?
    ventral horn of the spinal cord
  4. Where do sensory neurons going from skeletal muscles terminate?
    dorsal horn of the spinal cord
  5. What type of nerves carry signals to and from skeletal muscles?
    somatic
  6. How many neurons does each muscle fiber have? What is this called?
    One. Motor End Plate/ Neuromuscular Junction
  7. What is a synaptic trough?
    invagination in the motor endplate membrane (aka the sarcolemma)
  8. How deep is the synaptic cleft?
    20-30 mm
  9. The synaptic cleft is plentiful of what enzyme?
    acetylcholinesterase
  10. Explain the positioning of the two different types of receptors on the sub neural cleft
    ACh gated channels are at the top, voltage gated Na channels are in the bottom half
  11. What are two types of receptors located in the lipid bilayer of the pre-synaptic cell?
    nicotinic and voltage gated calcium
  12. Where do the synaptic vesicles that hold ACh come from? how do they get to the junction?
    golgi apparatus. arrive via axoplasm streaming
  13. Where is acetylcholine formed? is it an active or passive process?
    cytoplasm. active - it requires ATP
  14. Through what mechanism is acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft?
    exocytosis
  15. What is the significance of the dense bar? (i.e. what two things are located near?)
    voltage gated calcium channels are located at the ends and this is also where the exocytosis of ACh occurs
  16. Where does ACh bind post synaptically (specifically)?
    binds to the alpha subunit of the nicotinic ACh receptor
  17. What happens when ACh binds to the alpha component of the nicotinic receptor? how many ACh does it take to cause this response?
    nicotinic receptor opens which allows sodium (mostly) and calcium to flow into the cell, potassium flows out of the cell.

    two ACh must bind before opening occurs
  18. What happens to ACh once it has done its job?
    acetylcholinesterase metabolizes it, choline enters the pre synaptic cell.

    As ACh is metabolized, repolarization occurs
  19. What are the 5 subunits of the nicotinic receptor?
    • 2 alpha
    • 1 beta
    • 1 gamma
    • 1 delta
  20. What is an extra junctional post synaptic receptor?
    a result of damaged skeletal muscle, denervation injury

    highly responsive to ACh and succs
  21. What is the role of the presynaptic nicotinic receptor?
    influences the release of neurotransmitter from the nerve ending (positive feedback cycle to increase synthesis of ACh to prevent depletion in the NMJ)
  22. does chloride flow through the post synaptic nicotinic receptors? why or why not?
    no, negative charge at mouth
  23. What is an end plate potential?
    the potential of the membrane after the ACh channels have opened - this may or may not bring the cell to threshold
  24. What are the two parts of acetylcholine? What is the enzyme that combines them?
    choline and acetyle-CoA. Acetyltransferase
  25. A decrease in calcium will do what to the amount of ACh released?
    decrease
  26. An increase in calcium will do what to the amount of ACh released?
    increase
  27. What does magnesium do to calcium channels on the presynaptic cell?
    blocks them
  28. decrease in magnesium causes ____ ACh to be released
    more
  29. increase in magnesium causes an ____ in ACh release
    decrease
  30. Curariform (D-turbocurarine) works in what way?
    competes for ACh binding sites --> reduction in amplitude of the end plate potential which will prevent it from reaching a full action potential
  31. Botulinum toxin works in what way?
    decreases the release of ACh from the nerve terminals --> insufficient stimulus for an action potential
  32. Methacholine, carbachol, and nicotine do what?
    bind and activate nicotinic ACh receptors
  33. How does myasthenia gravis differ from Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndome?
    • MG - degradation of post synaptic ACh receptors
    • LEMS - degradation of presynaptic voltage gated calcium channels
  34. What is the difference in the T tubule for skeletal and cardiac muscle? where do they attach?
    • Skeletal = 2 T tubule - attach @ ends of myosin
    • Cardiac = 1 T tubule - attaches @ Z disc
  35. What is the difference in how the Ryanodine receptor is activated in skeletal and cardiac muscle?
    • Skeletal - the ryanodine receptor is voltage associated
    • Cardiac - the ryanodine receptor is calcium associated
  36. Does skeletal or cardiac muscle utilize calsequestrin to facilitate the reuptake of calcium ions?
    skeletal

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Author:
 Anonymous
ID:
 276223
Filename:
 A&P Chapter 7
Updated:
 2014-06-05 21:49:56
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CRNA
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Description:
Excitation of Skeletal Muscle
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