-
the more people exposed to a pathogen the less likely the rest of the population will be to contract the disease is what
herd immunity
-
what are the five types of vaccines
- live attenuated
- inactivated killed
- recombinant
- toxoid
- combination
-
vaccine in which pathogen in alive but weakened. is not strong enough to cause an outbreak but will trigger an immune response to make memory
live attenuated
-
two examples of live attenuated vaccine
-
vaccine that has the actual pathogen that has been killed. requires booster memory does not last that long
inactivated killed
-
three examples of inactivated killed vaccine
-
use only the parts of the pathogen that most effectivly stimulates the immune response
recombinant vaccine
-
what is an example of a recombinant vaccine
hep B
-
type of vaccine used to treat a toxin
toxoid
-
what are two examples of toxoid vaccine
-
puts one vaccine that works well with one that does not work so well. the one that works well will stimulate the immune response to be more effective therby creating immunity against the vaccine that doesnt work well
combination vaccine
-
what is an example of a combination vaccine
haemophilus influenza B
-
compliment will bind to antibodies. measured amount of antibodies and compliment are added to solution if fixation occurs the solution will stay clear if not antibodies will bind to RBC and solution will turn pink
compliment fixation
-
how do antibodies neutralize threats
antibodies bind to surface antigens
-
the amount of antibody is constant and the antigen is added
indirect agglutination
-
-test patient serum sample to see if you get autoimmune agglutination-the amount of antigen carriers is constant and the antibody solution is diluted serially
direct agglutination
-
what are three reasons monoclonal antibodies are useful
they are uniformhighly specificcan be produced in large quantities
-
combine a healthy Bcell of intrest with a cancerous B cell (hybridoma) which will make antibodies indefinetly
monoclonal
-
uses antibodies for a specific surface antigen
the antibody has a flourochrome that will flouresce when excited
flourescent antibody technique
-
uses a clinical specimen
uses a slide with a fixed specimen and adds antibodies
direct flourescent antibody
-
fix antigen of intrest to a slide
add serum to slide
add second antibody with flourichrome
indirect flourichrome
-
what are the two kinds of ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)tests
direct and indirect
-
bind to antibodies on a microtiter plate add solution of intrest if the antigen is present they will bind
Direct ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) testing
-
antigens of a particular pathogen are fixed to a mictotitter plate and a soulution is added to see if antibodies are present
indirect ELSA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)testing
-
what are the four hypersensitivities
- anaphylactic
- cytotoxic
- immune complex
- delayed cell mediated
-
happens when certain antigens bind with IgE antibodies
can be mild like hives, hayfever or asthma or can be fatal with breathing difficulty and shock
can be local or systemic
anaphylaxis
-
most common cause is blood transfusion
involves activation of compliment by the combination of IgG or IgM with an antigen
cytotoxic
-
immune complex is not endocytosed so it moves freely through the blood vessel and gets trapped in the underlying tissue. causes damage to the basement membrane of endothelial cells
rheumatoid arthritis
glomerulnephritis
immune complex type III
-
involves tcells not bcells
typically happens in organ transplant
type IV delayed cell mediated
-
immune complexes of IgG, complimentand IgM are deposited in the joints
causes severe damage to articular cartilage and bone
rheumatoid arthritis
-
produces antibodies against the componants of their own cells
deposits antibodies along the lining of the glomerulus
lupus
-
tcells damage islet cells that secrete insulin
genetic susceptibility
diabetes mellitus
-
tcells and macrophages attack myelin shealth
wide range of symptoms from fatigue to paralysis
MS
-
what are the three stages of cancer
- initiation
- promotion
- progression
-
what phase of cancer is the mutation inherited or mutation from enviromental exposure
initiation
-
the reversible proliferation of mutated cells from exposure to promoting factors such as obesity, smoking, alcohol etc
promotion
-
increased growth rate, metastisis, increased invasiveness
progression
-
what are the subtypes of HIV
-
viral RNA will reach 10 million in the first week
is present in cells, will not be in blood yet
may be asypmtomatic
phase I
-
CD4 cells decrease
start to see signs of supressed immune system
alot of virus in latent form within tcells
phase II
-
CD4 tcell count is less than 350
aids defined as tcell count less than 200
start antiretrovirals
phase III
-
what are the medications used for Aids
- chemotherapy
- vaccines
- reverse transcriptase blocers
- protease inhibitor
- cell entry inhibitor
- intagrase inhibitor
-
kills microbes directly
bactericidal
-
prevents increased growth
bacteriostatic
-
what are the 5 mechanisms that antibiotics target
- inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
- injury to plasma membrane
- inhibitors of protein synthesis
- inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis
- inhibitors of the synthesis of essential metabolites
-
test for determining the minimum amount of medication that is needed
broth dilution test
-
microorganism is grown on a petri dish and little dots of antibiotics are placed to determine the right medication to use
disk diffusion
-
what are four ways that microbes resist antibiotic activity
- prevent entry into the cell
- alteration of drugs target site
- rapid efflux
- alter metabolic chemistry
-
what are some ways to prevent antibiotic resistance
- finish full regime
- never use someone elses medication
- never use left over meds
- avoid unneccesary distribution
- use appropriate dosage
- use correct medication
-
inhibit cell wall synthesis
peptidoglycan
used for bacteria
-
destroy plasma membrane
used on mycobacteria
isoniazid
-
inhibit protein synthesis
ribosome/translation
used on bacteria
gentamicin
-
inhibits nucleic acid sythesis
used for bacteria
ciprio ( ciprrofaloxin)
-
destroy plasma membrane
used on bacteria
daptomycin
-
destroys metabolic pathway
used for bacteria
tmp-smz bactrim
-
destroys plasma membrane
used for fungus
amphotericin B
-
inhibits nucleic acid synthesis( reverse transcriotase)
used for a virus
acyclovir
-
protease inhibitor
used for virus
saquinovir
-
integrase inhibitor
used for virus
raltegravir
-
inhibits nucleic acid
used for protozoan ( malaria)
chloroquine
-
disrupts plasma membrane
used for helminths ( intestinal worms)
praziquantel
-
name a drug in the womens health category
fosamex
-
what is the generic form of fosamex
aldendronate
-
what are the indications of fosamex ( aldendronate)
treat/prevent osteoporosis
-
what are the contraindications of fosamex (aldendronate)
- hypocalcemia
- risk of aspiration
-
what is the mechanism of fosamex (aldendronate)
inhibits osteoclasts ( bone breakdown)
-
what is a drug from the mens health category
Viagra
-
what is the generic form of Viagra
sildenafil
-
what are the indications of viagra
erectile dysfunction
-
what are the contraindications of Viagra (sildenafil)
-
what is the mechanism of Viagra (sildenafil)
enzyme (PDE5) inhibitor
-
what is a drug from the CNS stimulant category
ritalin ( methylpheniolate)
-
what is the generic form of Ritalin
methylpheniolate
-
what are the indications of Ritalin ( methylpheniolate)
-
what are the contraindications of ritalin (methylphenolate)
-
what is the mechanism of Ritalin (methylphenolate)
reuptake of norepinepherine and dopamine increase energy and alertness
-
what drug is from the opioids category
MS Contin ( morphine)
-
what is the generic form of MS Contin
morphine
-
what are the indications of MS Contin (morphine)
long term pain
-
what are the contraindications of Ms Contin (morphine)
- respiratory problems
- heart failure
- depression
- resp. distress
- liver impairement
-
what is the mechanism of Ms Contin (morphine)
binds to opioid receptors in the cns to reduce brain function
-
what is a drug in the CNS depressant category
Valium ( diazapam)
-
what is the generic version of valium
diazapam
-
what are the indications for valium (diazapam)
- panic attacks
- anxiety
- insomnia
-
what are the contraindications for valium(diazapam)
- high BP
- heart attack
- diabetes
-
what is the mechanism for Valium (diazapam)
bind to GABA neurotransmitter receptors to reduce brain function
-
name a drug from the adrenergics category
adrenaline ( epinepherine)
-
what is the generic version of adreneline
epinepherine
-
what are the indications for adreniline (epinephrine)
- cardiac arrest
- asthma
- anaphylaxis
-
what are the contraindications for adrenaline (epinepherine)
- high bp
- heart attack
- diabetes
-
what is the mechanism for adreneline (epinepherine)
mimics sympathetic nervous response (increase HR, bronchiodilator,vasoconstrictor)
-
what is a drug from the proton pump category
protonix (pantroprazole)
-
what is the generic form of protonix
pantroprazole
-
what are the indications for protonix ( pantroprazole)
- treats GERD
- treats high levels of gastric acid
-
what are the contraindications of Protonix (pantroprazole)
- seizures
- low Mg
- osteoporosis
-
what is the mechanism of protonix (pantroprozole)
blocks hydrogen ion pumps
-
what is a drug from the antiemetics catergory
Zofran (ondansetron)
-
what is the generic name of zofran
ondansetron
-
what are the indications of Zofran (ondansetron)
- nausea
- vomitting
- cancer treatment
- after surgery
-
what are the contraindications of zofran(ondansetron)
-
what is the mechanism of zofran (ondansetron)
inhibits vomiting center by blocking seratonin levels
-
what drug is from the ace inhibitors category
vasotec (enalopril)
-
what is the generic name of Vasotec
enalopril
-
what are the indications of vasotec (enalopril)
-
what are the contraindications of vasotec (enaporil)
-
what is the mechanism of Vasotec (enalopril)
Block ace
-
what is a drug from the cholinergics category
aricept (donepezil)
-
what is the generic name for aricept
donepezil
-
what are the indications for aricept (donepezil)
- alzheimers
- parkinsons
- relax bladder
-
what are the contraindications for aricept (donepezil)
- glaucoma
- gi tract obstruction
-
what is the mechanism for aricept (donepezil)
mimics acetylcholine
-
what is a drug from from the NSAID category
asprin ( acetylsalicylic)
-
what is the generic form of asprin
acetylsalicylic
-
what are the indications for asprin (acetylsalyclic)
- pain releaver
- fever reducer
-
what are the contraindications for asprin
- pregnant
- bleeding disorders
- under 16
-
what is the mechanism for asprin
blocks cox
-
what is a drug from the insulin category
lantus (glargine)
-
what is the generic form of lantus
glargine
-
what are the indications for lantus (glargine)
diabetes
-
what are the contraindications for lantus (glargine)
-
what is the mechanism for lantus (glargine)
binds to insulin receptors to re uptake sugar from the blood
-
what is a drug from the coagulant modifier group
heperin sodium
-
what is the generic verison of heperin sodium
heperin
-
what are the indications for herperin
blood clotting
-
what are the contraindications for heperin
-
what is the mechanism for heperin
- turns off coagulation pathway
- blocks clotting factors
-
what is a drug from the diuretic category
lasix (furosemide)
-
what is the generic version of Lasix
furosemide
-
what are the indications for lasix
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