micro test

the more people exposed to a pathogen the less likely the rest of the population will be to contract the disease is what

what are the five types of vaccines

vaccine in which pathogen in alive but weakened. is not strong enough to cause an outbreak but will trigger an immune response to make memory

two examples of live attenuated vaccine

vaccine that has the actual pathogen that has been killed. requires booster memory does not last that long

three examples of inactivated killed vaccine

use only the parts of the pathogen that most effectivly stimulates the immune response

what is an example of a recombinant vaccine

type of vaccine used to treat a toxin

what are two examples of toxoid vaccine

puts one vaccine that works well with one that does not work so well. the one that works well will stimulate the immune response to be more effective therby creating immunity against the vaccine that doesnt work well

what is an example of a combination vaccine

compliment will bind to antibodies. measured amount of antibodies and compliment are added to solution if fixation occurs the solution will stay clear if not antibodies will bind to RBC and solution will turn pink

how do antibodies neutralize threats

the amount of antibody is constant and the antigen is added

-test patient serum sample to see if you get autoimmune agglutination-the amount of antigen carriers is constant and the antibody solution is diluted serially

what are three reasons monoclonal antibodies are useful

combine a healthy Bcell of intrest with a cancerous B cell (hybridoma) which will make antibodies indefinetly

uses antibodies for a specific surface antigen
the antibody has a flourochrome that will flouresce when excited

uses a clinical specimen
uses a slide with a fixed specimen and adds antibodies

fix antigen of intrest to a slide
add serum to slide
add second antibody with flourichrome

what are the two kinds of ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)tests

bind to antibodies on a microtiter plate add solution of intrest if the antigen is present they will bind

antigens of a particular pathogen are fixed to a mictotitter plate and a soulution is added to see if antibodies are present

what are the four hypersensitivities

happens when certain antigens bind with IgE antibodies
can be mild like hives, hayfever or asthma or can be fatal with breathing difficulty and shock
can be local or systemic

most common cause is blood transfusion
involves activation of compliment by the combination of IgG or IgM with an antigen

immune complex is not endocytosed so it moves freely through the blood vessel and gets trapped in the underlying tissue. causes damage to the basement membrane of endothelial cells
rheumatoid arthritis
glomerulnephritis

involves tcells not bcells
typically happens in organ transplant

immune complexes of IgG, complimentand IgM are deposited in the joints
causes severe damage to articular cartilage and bone

produces antibodies against the componants of their own cells
deposits antibodies along the lining of the glomerulus

tcells damage islet cells that secrete insulin
genetic susceptibility

tcells and macrophages attack myelin shealth
wide range of symptoms from fatigue to paralysis

what are the three stages of cancer

what phase of cancer is the mutation inherited or mutation from enviromental exposure

the reversible proliferation of mutated cells from exposure to promoting factors such as obesity, smoking, alcohol etc

increased growth rate, metastisis, increased  invasiveness

what are the subtypes of HIV

viral RNA will reach 10 million in the first week
is present in cells, will not be in blood yet
may be asypmtomatic

CD4 cells decrease
start to see signs of supressed immune system
alot of virus in latent form within tcells

CD4 tcell count is less than 350
aids defined as tcell count less than 200
start antiretrovirals

what are the medications used for Aids

kills microbes directly

prevents increased growth

what are the 5 mechanisms that antibiotics target

test for determining the minimum amount of medication that is needed

microorganism is grown on a petri dish and little dots of antibiotics are placed to determine the right medication to use

what are four ways that microbes resist antibiotic activity

what are some ways to prevent antibiotic resistance

inhibit cell wall synthesis
peptidoglycan
used for bacteria

destroy plasma membrane
used on mycobacteria

inhibit protein synthesis
ribosome/translation
used on bacteria

inhibits nucleic acid sythesis
used for bacteria

destroy plasma membrane
used on bacteria

destroys metabolic pathway
used for bacteria

destroys plasma membrane
used for fungus

inhibits nucleic acid synthesis( reverse transcriotase)
used for a virus

protease inhibitor
used for virus

integrase inhibitor
used for virus

inhibits nucleic acid
used for protozoan ( malaria)

disrupts plasma membrane
used for helminths ( intestinal worms)

name a drug in the womens health category

what is the generic form of fosamex

what are the indications of fosamex ( aldendronate)

what are the contraindications of fosamex (aldendronate)

what is the mechanism of fosamex (aldendronate)

what is a drug from the mens health category

what is the generic form of Viagra

what are the indications of viagra

what are the contraindications of Viagra (sildenafil)

what is the mechanism of Viagra (sildenafil)

what is a drug from the CNS stimulant category

what is the generic form of Ritalin

what are the indications of Ritalin ( methylpheniolate)

what are the contraindications of ritalin (methylphenolate)

what is the mechanism of Ritalin (methylphenolate)

what drug is from the opioids category

what is the generic form of MS Contin

what are the indications of MS Contin (morphine)

what are the contraindications of Ms Contin (morphine)

what is the mechanism of Ms Contin (morphine)

what is a drug in the CNS depressant category

what is the generic version of valium

what are the indications for valium (diazapam)

what are the contraindications for valium(diazapam)

what is the mechanism for Valium (diazapam)

name a drug from the adrenergics category

what is the generic version of adreneline

what are the indications for adreniline (epinephrine)

what are the contraindications for adrenaline (epinepherine)

what is the mechanism for adreneline (epinepherine)

what is a drug from the proton pump category

what is the generic form of protonix

what are the indications for protonix ( pantroprazole)

what are the contraindications of Protonix (pantroprazole)

what is the mechanism of protonix (pantroprozole)

what is a drug from the antiemetics catergory

what is the generic name of zofran

what are the indications of Zofran (ondansetron)

what are the contraindications of zofran(ondansetron)

what is the mechanism of zofran (ondansetron)

what drug is from the ace inhibitors category

what is the generic name of Vasotec

what are the indications of vasotec (enalopril)

what are the contraindications of vasotec (enaporil)

what is the mechanism of Vasotec (enalopril)

what is a drug from the cholinergics category

what is the generic name for aricept

what are the indications for aricept (donepezil)

what are the contraindications for aricept (donepezil)

what is the mechanism for aricept (donepezil)

what is a drug from from the NSAID category

what is the generic form of asprin

what are the indications for asprin (acetylsalyclic)

what are the contraindications for asprin

what is the mechanism for asprin

what is a drug from the insulin category

what is the generic form of lantus

what are the indications for lantus (glargine)

what are the contraindications for lantus (glargine)

what is the mechanism for lantus (glargine)

what is a drug from the coagulant modifier group

what is the generic verison of heperin sodium

what are the indications for herperin

what are the contraindications for heperin

what is the mechanism for heperin

what is a drug from the diuretic category

what is the generic version of Lasix

what are the indications for lasix