-
Society
Society is a group of people that share group membership, culture, and territory
-
Origins of Sociology
Began with the Industrial Revolution. People moved from farms to the city for work. cities created social problems ie. poor working conditions, pay rates and labor issues.
-
What are the three theoretical perspectives?
Functionalist perspective: emphasize the way in which the parts of society are structured to maintain stability. (Macro)
Conflict perspective: Assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power, or the allocation of resources.(Macro)
Interactionist perspective: emphasize face to face everyday interactions, how people use symbols to create social life. (Micro)
-
Scientific Method 8 steps
- 1. Select topic
- 2. Define problem
- 3. Review Literature
- 4. Formulate hypothesis
- 5. Choose Research design
- 6.Collect Data
- 7. Analyze results
- 8. Publish findings
-
Define Sociology
Sociology is the systemic study of the relationship between individuals and society and of the consequences of difference
-
Anomie
Anomie is loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
-
Macro
Micro
Meso
Macro: large scale or entire societies
Micro: small scale or individual
Meso: World Scale
-
Sociological Imagination
Sociological Imagination: The ability to look beyond the individual as the cause for success and failure and see how one's society influences the outcome
-
Sociological Perspective
Sociological Perspective: Understanding human behavior by placing it within broader social context
-
4 key components of sociology
- 1) Research:building systemic studies through the collection of data.
- 2) Individual freedom to choose and act
- 3) societies: our social environment and how we interact with each other.
- 4)Consequences of these interactions & how they create differences between individuals, groups, countries and the world.
-
Theory
- A set of statements that seek to explain
- 1. problems
- 2. Actions
- 3. Behaviors
-
Culture
Culture:Everything humans create in establishing our relationships to nature and with each other. Learned,taught, and passed down to future generations.
-
Society
Society:The structure of relationship within each culture and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction
-
Sociobiology
Sociobiology:The systemic study of how biology affects human social behavior
-
Discovery
Invention
Discovery:The process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality.
Invention:The combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not exist before.
-
Material Culture
non-material culture
Material Culture: the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives
non-material culture:Way of using material objects, as well as customs, ideas, expressions, beliefs, knowledge, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication.
-
Technology
Culture lag
Technology:A form of culture in which humans modify the natural enviorment to meet our wants and needs.
Culture lag: A period of adjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggeling to adapt to the new matrerial conditions
-
Language
Language: A system of shared symbols including speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and non verbal gestures and expressions
-
Nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication: The use of facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate.
-
Value
Value:A collective conception of what is considered good desirable and proper-or bad undesirable, and improper in a culture.
-
Norms
Folkways
Norms: An established standard of behavior maintained by a society.
Folkways: Norms governing everyday behavior, whose violation raises comparatievtly little concern.
-
Sanctions
Dominate ideology
Sanctions: A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm
Dominate ideology:A set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitmates existing powerful social, economic, and political interests
-
Subculture
Counterculture
Subculture: A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society.
Counterculture: A subculture that delibertely opposes certine aspects of the larger culture.
-
Culture shock
Ethnocentrism
Culture shock: The feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, and even fear that people experience when they encounter unfamiliar cultural practices.
Ethnocentrism: The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent what's normal or superior to all others.
-
Cultural Relativism
Socialization
- Cultural Relativism: The viewing of peoples behavior from the perspective of their own culture.
- Socialization: The life long process through which people lean the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture.
-
6 agents of socialization
- 1. family
- 2. school
- 3.peer group
- 4.mass media/technology
- 5.the work place
- 6.religion and the state
-
anticipatory socialization
resocialization
*the process of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for the future positions, occupations, and social relationships.
The process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.
-
Midlife crisis
Sandwich generation
Midlife crisis: A stressful period of self-evaluation that begins at about age 40.
Sandwich generation: The generation of adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children.
-
(Social roles)
Role strain
Role Exit
Role strain: The difficulty that arises when the same social status imposes conflicting demands and expectations.
- Role Exit :the process of disengaging from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity.
-
6 Elements of Social Structure
- 1. Statues
- 2. Social roles
- 3. Groups
- 4. master status
- 5. Social networks
- 6. Virtual worlds
-
Types of status
1. ascribed status: the social position assigned to a person by society without regard for a persons unique characteristics.
- 2. achieved status: social status within our power to change.
- 3. master status is a status that dominate others and determines a persons general position in society.
-
Social Roles
Role strain: The difficulty that arises when the same social status imposes conflicting demands and expectations.
Role Exit :the process of disengaging from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity.
-
What are primary and secondary groups
1.Primary group:small group characterized by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation
2. Secondary group is a formal impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding.
-
What are "in groups" and "out groups"
in groups are people who share a common identity and sense of belonging.
out groups are people who do not belong or do not fit in.
-
What is a:
Reference Group
Coalition
Reference group is any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.
Coalition is a tempoary or perminate alliance geared toward a common goal.
-
What is a Social network?
Social networks are a series of social relationships that link individuals directly to others, and indirectly to still more people.
-
Virtual Worlds
Electronic manifestation of of a social network allowing an individual to create their persona
-
Social institutions
Social institutions are organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.
|
|