mycobacterium tuberculosis, tubercle bacillus or acid-fast bacillus
What percent of americans may have TB infection and may not know it?
4-6%
T or F: T.B. can be inactive but can become active at any time?
true
What can the infection be treated with and how long?
isoniazid and 6-12 months
If taking the medicine the risk of it becoming active reduces by ____%?
90
How much percent will active TB will die from the disease?
5-10%
What can TB affect in the body?
lungs, larynx, spine and kidneys
What destroys tissue, replacing it with fibrous connective tissue?
bacteria
What does symptoms include for TB?
fatigue, weight loss, fever, chills and night sweats
What are the symptoms of TB of the lungs?
persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
How is TB infection diagnosed?
Mantoux skin test (PPD)
How is mantoux skin test injected?
is injected into the layers of the skin termed an "intradermal" injection
What is PPD?
purified protein derived tubercle bacilli
How long after the shot can the test site be examined for a positive examination?
48-72 hours
What is present if there is evidence of infection?
5mm hardened area
Who can have false negatives due to their compromised immune systems?
HIV
What is the most common screening method for TB?
mantoux tuberculin skin test
What other test can be done instead of mantoux tb skin test?
chest x-rays
sputum smears
sputum cultures
TB is spread by __________?
airborne transmission
What travels by minute droplets (droplet nuclei transmission)?
tubercle bacilli
What is transmitted by inhalation of contaminated air?
droplet nuclei
What actions can spread TB?
sneezing, coughing, singing, talking, shouting, or breathing
What collects around the TB bacilli?
inflammatory cells
inflammatory cells collect around a clump of TB bacilli to form a small mass called a ______?
tubercle
These scars are most often found in the ________?
apex of the lungs (top)
What does often contain which is deposited as healing occurs?
calcium
What does necrotic mean?
dead essentially
If resistance is poor or the infection dose large, the bacilli kill the inflammatory cells, and the center of the mass becomes?
necrotic
What is hemoptysis?
coughing up blood
Reactivation of TB from dormant tubercles is termed?
secondary TB
What are high risk groups?
the homeless, elderly, prison inmates, alcoholics, IV drug users, persons with HIV infections/AIDS, children living with these people
What are high risk groups?
African Americans, Asians, American Indians, Hispanics, Foreign born: asia, Africa, Caribbean, latin america
Non whites have __X higher rate of TB incidence?
11
Who are at the lowest risk of TB?
5-14 year old children
Who is at high risk due to their immature immune systems?
infants
How many new cases per year are there of TB?
approximately 30,000
What percent of people with inactive disease will become active and become infectious?
10%
How many people in the U.S. have an inactive TB infection?
10-15 million
What is it called when recent strains of TB have become resistant to the drugs which are treat the disease?
multi-drug resistant TB
What type of TB is very difficult to treat because it doesn't respond to the drugs typically used to treat the disease?
multi-drug resistant TB
What are the causes of multi-drug resistant TB?
medication is not taken as directed
medication must be taken 6-9 months to 2 years
patients feel better and stop taking meds
medications cause unpleasant side effects such as nausea
high risk patients may not be able to afford medication
high risk patients are often transient
medications are sometimes prescribed incorrectly
What are adverse reactions with rifabuten?
arthralgia, arthritis, uveitis, and gastrointestinal
What are adverse reactions with ethambutol?
neuropathy, causes defect in red-green vision
What can be done to stop the increase in multi-drug resistant TB?
patient education
directly observed therapy
What are methods of prevention?
the patient should cover his/her mouth with tissues when coughing, isolation of patient, proper ventilation of facility, UV light fixtures, HEPA filters
What kind of isolation is there for TB patients?
respiratory isolation
AFB-(acid fast bacillus) isolation
How often should healthcare personnel be screened using skin tests?
annually
How often should healthcare personnel be screened in a high risk setting?
every 6 months
The CDC recommends what action plan to prevent the spread of TB disease?
screening of patients at high risk of TB
rapid diagnosis
appropriate therapy
reducing air contamination
providing isolation rooms
screening healthcare personnel
investigating and controlling outbreaks
Why doesn't surgical masks help prevent TB?
because it does not allow a seal around your mouth and nose
