Gross Anatomy 1

The branch
of anatomy that deals with the skeletal muscular system

Skeletal muscle comprises what percent of the total body weight of the human body?

The specific function of skeletal muscle is

The production of voluntary movement

Basic property of skeletal muscle which allows an individual to produce movement

Each skeletal muscles is considered a(n)

Functions of the skeletal muscle

Muscle function that enables us to move from place to place (locomotion)

Muscle function that moves air in and out of lungs (respiration)

Muscle function that moves body contents during digestion (chewing, swallowing, getting the food to your mouth, sphincter)

Muscle function that maintains posture

Muscle function that holds articulated bones in place

Muscle function that is responsible for speech

Muscle function that is responsible for facial expression

Muscle function that is responsible for writing

Number one use of the upper extremities

Muscle function responsible for sphincter muscles around eyelids, pupils, mouth, urethral and anal orifices

Muscle function responsible for admission of light, food and drink, control elimination of waste

Skeletal muscles produce as much as what percentage of our body heat

System by means of which body movements occur

Muscular system works with what systems for sources of energy and

Muscular system depends on integumentary system for

Muscular system depends on __________ for the stimuli, without which a muscle would be unable to
contract

The basic structural unit of a muscle is the

the number of fibers found within a muscle will depend on

Muscle fibers are grouped into bundles known as

Muscle fibers and fasciculi are bound together by

Function of Connective Investment of Muscle

Each skeletal muscle has how many layers of connective tissue

The delicate connective tissue sheath which surrounds each individual muscle fiber
and connects it to adjacent muscle fibers

A more dense layer which surrounds each fasciculi and divides the muscle into a
series of separate compartment

The dense layer of connective tissue which surrounds the entire muscle and
separates the muscle from surrounding tissue, organs and other muscles.  The epimysium is continuous with deep fascia
in the area and will continue as the tendon
of the muscle

muscle fibers are long or short?

Muscle fibers have how many nuclii?

Where are the nuclei located in a muscle fiber?

Contractile unit of the muscle fiber

Each muscle fiber is contained within a tough, specialized membrane known as the

Exercise may increase muscle size up to an average of about

Adult muscles may be as much as ____ the diameter that they were at birth

Under most circumstances the increase in the size of a muscle is due to an increase in the
size of

The type of increase in the size of a muscle, which is due to an increase in the size of each individual muscle fiber

An increase in the size of a muscle due to an actual increase in the number of muscle fibers.

This method involves subjecting the muscle fibers to high resistance exercise which induce injury to the individual fibers, which is then followed by a regenerative process

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

Muscles being classified as either red (dark) or white (light) is based on

Are found in muscles where long, sustained or continuous contraction are required (dark or light?)

Are associated with endurance activities (dark or light?)

Are associated with relatively higher levels of continuous metabolic activity (aerobic metabolism) (light or dark?)

Higher levels of continuous metabolic activity

Extensive capillary beds

Slow Twitch

Fatigue Resistant

Numerous Mitochondria

More sarcoplasm does what to the color of a muscle?

More fatty acid/less glycogen

Atrophy with immobilization

Fewer capillary beds

Fast twitch

Fatigues easier

Less mitochondria

More glycogen/less fatty acids

Atrophy with aging

Sprinter would have light or dark muscle?

Marathon runner would have dark or light muscle?

Are found in muscles are used for quick, more powerful activities and thus related to speed
and strength (i.e. sprinting, weightlifting, etc.) (light or dark?)

Are associated with anaerobic metabolism(light or dark?)

Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism refer to

An elaborate, tubular network which functions to store and transport calcium ions to the myofibrils

Tubular invaginations of the sarcolemma which
allow electrical impulses (nerve impulses) to enter the muscle fiber and make their way to the myofibrils.

a red protein pigment which found in the sarcoplasm of the fiber

Stores the needed oxygen that the fibers need to utilize for its metabolism

Stores the needed oxygen that the fibers need to utilize for its metabolism

Producing ATP anaerobically, you use more

Producing ATP aerobically, you use more

Contract faster than type I but slower than type II

Have a greater resistance to fatigue but histologically resemble Type II

Difference in myoglobin and hemoglobin is found in the

Myoglobin has a greater affinity for ______ than hemoglobin

Contracting proteins of myofilaments

Contractile filament found mainly in the I-Bands

Contractile filament found mainly in the A-Band

Prevent nondiscrimanatory bonding of actin and myocin

Allows the system to operate, by allowing myosin to interact with actin

Requires more or less ATP to relax a muscle as it does to contract a muscle?

How does ATP provide energy?

The movement of a muscle is the result of the continuous breakdown and reconstitution of

Muscles use two general metabolic methods to provide ATP...

"fuel" of the muscle

Released calcium binds with

Aerobic pathways take place in the

2 cells that can produce ATP anaerobically

Type 1 or Type 2 fibers have more mitochondria?

The more efficient way to produce ATP in a muscle fiber

The fastest way to produce ATP

How does aerobic pathway provide energy for the muscle?

What is needed to produce ATP in the aerobic pathway?

Fatty acids are stored in the body's fat cells as

What happens to triglycerides during exercise?

Anaerobic pathway depends on what two substances to produce ATP

First substance used by the pathway and allows the muscle to contract immediately

Always a small amount stored in the muscle fibers

Second substance used by the anaerobic pathway

How is ATP produced by glycogen

Where is glycogen stored

One by-product of glycogen that bogs down the body quickly

Exercise: Phase 1

Exercise: Phase 2

Exercise: Phase 3

Ergogenic methods to increase muscle function and size

A dietary manipulation used to increase the store of glycogen in muscle fibers

If ingested an hour or so before an event, this may help an athlete burn fatty acids more efficiently

May increase calcium permeability

Side effects of caffeine

Side effects of Glycogen Loading

A procedure to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells

Risks of blood doping

EPO

EPO is a naturally occurring hormone produced in the

EPO travels from the kidneys to the

Synthetic forms of EPO were developed for what use?

What happens when people with normal levels of RBC's take synthetic EPO?

Synthetic forms of the male hormone testosterone

Why were synthetic forms of the male hormone testosterone developed

Anabolic refers to

Androgenic refers to

What schedule drug is an anabolic steroid?

How do natural and synthetic forms of testosterone differ?

Type of AS that is injected and have few side effects, but detectible for months

Type of AS that is usually taken in pill form, more side effects, cleared from the system in weeks

Pyramiding

Stacking

How much AS is typically taken in a 6-8 week course

Short term side effects of AS

Gynecomastia

Why does tendon damage occur as a side effect of AS?

Long term side effects of using AS

Short term side effects of AS in women specifically:

Side effects of AS on adolescents during puberty

Physiological effect of anabolic steroid

Reasons a doctor would prescribe an AS

Chemical composition of muscle: 75%

Chemical composition of muscle: 20%

Chemical composition of muscle: 5%

Organ that has a higher protein content than water

Nerve fibers enter and leave a muscle via

Transmit impulses from the CNS to each individual muscle fiber, the result of which is a motor response

A single motor NEURON and the group of muscles it supplies is called

Are a motor unit and fasciculi the same thing?

Smallest part of the muscle which can contract independently

The strength of the muscle contraction depends on

The size of the motor unit is an indication of

Muscles that carry out precision type of activities contain motor units with

Muscles that carry out less precise activities contain motor units with

Where does the motor unit BEGIN?

Anatomy of the motor unit

The most common neuromuscular junction disorder

How does Myasthenia Gravis effect the body?

The motor unit begins in the

The pre-synaptic portion of the moto unit is the

Muscles that carry out precision type activity compared to those that carry out non-precision type activity have motor units with

Ane xample of a drug that is able to compete with ACH molecules in binding to the ACH receptor sites

NIcotines actions are much more what than ACH?

Snake venoms contain these two things

How does neurotoxin from snake venom kill you?

Antivenom for snake venom is aimed mostly at the

Examples of organophosphates

What do organophosphates do in the body?

Botulin toxin is the toxin that is released from

Botulin toxin works by

Botlin toxin usually affects what first?

All the muscle fibers of a single motor unit have the same

Mortality rate of botulism

Are muscle fibers of a single motor unit bound together in the same place in the muscle?

Convey to the CNS afferent/sensory impulses which originate within the muscle as a result of a contraction

In addition to coordination of muscle function, sensory nerve fiberfs are also involved with

By which we are made aware of the orientation of the body and its parts

Proproiceptors are a category of

Fluid filled sac which contain specialized muscle fibers known as intrafusal muscle fibers

Intrafusal muscle fibers are so named to distinguish them from

Intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibers differ by

The end of the muscle which attaches to the part of the skeletal system that doesn't move when the muscle contracts (anchor)

The end of muscle attached to the bone that moves

Bones connected to muscles by

The part of the muscle that is between the tendon or origin and tendon of insertion is called

Tendons are composed of

The arrangement of collagen fibers fo the tendon give muscles an important charactaristic -

The load necessary to rupture a given material when pulled in the direction of its lenth and allows muscles to withstand considerable amounts of pressure

Five advantages tendons give to muscle

Sharpey's fibers function

Traction injury

Avulsion fracture

Innervation to the tendon is always

Innervation of a tendon serves the purpose of

Lubricating devices that develop between the tendon and anotherh structure (skin, bone, another tendon, etc)

Function of bursa

Anatomically the bursa is

Epimysium

Intermuscular septum

Thickened band of deep fascia which is found at joints and functions to bind down tendons and nerves that cross the joint

Muscle where the fibers run approximately the whole length of the muscle, parallel to the axis

Muscle where the fibers are running diagonally

Pennate muscle fibers are typically type 2 or type 1?

Parallel muscle fibers are typically type 2 or type 1?

Musce in which the tendon lies in the center of the muscle and fibers pass to it form each side

The muscle or muscles which are most repsonsible for carrying out a particular movement

Assist the prime movers in performing the action by giving more force for a movement, stabilizing a joint which the movers pass over but do not move, or keep the bone of origin of the mover steady

The muscle thath produces the oposit effect from the agonist

Rciprocal innervation

Co-Reflex phenomenon

No account of the role of muscles would be complete without considering the influence of

Six things that can cause atrophy of hte skeletal muscle

The arm goes from the

The forearm goes from the

The S shaped bone situated in the anterior aspect of th eneck

In females, the clavicle is generall

In those who work out their upper body or do considerable amounts of manual labor, the clavicle is

Clavicle is a transitional bone between

The clavicle is only present in those vertebrae that use

The clavicle in quadruped animals, if the clavicle is present it is

What is the function of the clavicle in primates?

*****add arm anatomy (shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, etc)

*********add pathology (guillan barr, etc)

The process of which the embryonic connective tissues is replaced by bone cells

Bone cells

How many ways can ossification occur?

Intramembranous ossification is

Endochondral ossification is

Primary ossification center begins

Secondary ossification centers are located

When do secondary ossification centers show up?

First bone to undergo ossification in the fetus

Clavicle has how many ossification centers, where do they appear and when, type of ossification?

Secondary ossification centers of the clavicle when and where, what type of ossification?

This bone is oen of the last to finish its ossification, with the secondary classification fusing at about 25 years of age

Fractures of the clavicle typically occur in what part of the bone?

Cleidocranial dysostosis is

Inferior angle of scapula falls at which vertebra?

Scapula is found between

How many ossification centers of scapula?

Ossification of scapula is

Acromion process has how many secondary ossification centers?

Corocoid process has how many ossification centers?

Medial border of scapula has how many secondary ossification centers?

Inferior angle of the scapula has how many ossification centers?

Clinical arm runs from

An undescended scapula brought about by attachment to cervical vertebrae by either bone, cartilageg or fibrous attachment

Failure of the acromion process to fuse with the rest of the bone

Paired, cutaneous sweat glands which are foundin both sexes, but are rudimentary and functionless in males

In females, mammary glands have become

Primary functions of mammary glands

What is usually dislocated with a fracture of hte clavicle?

The scapula undergoes what form of ossification?

What has occurred with the condition known as os acromidae?

Subdivisions of mammary gland lobes

Subdivision of lobules of mammary glands

Reproductive development of mammary glands: at puberty -

Preproductive developmentn of the mammary gland: At each menstrual period

Reproductive development of the mammary gland: At each pregnancy

Reproductive development of the mammary gland: Menopause

Hormone secreted by the ovaries and placenta and promotes the growth of the duct system of the mammary glands

Hormone secreted by the ovaries and placenta, promotes the growth of secretory cells in mammary glands

Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary, promotes the production of milk after birth

Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary promotes the release of milk

The first secretions from the functional mammary glands

A creamy white to yellowish fluid which begins to be secreted during the last weeks of pregnancy and continues for the first week of breast feeding

Colostrum is especially rich in

Besides immunoglobulins and lactoferrin, what else is in colostrum to help the infant?

Type of milk present from day 6-15

How does transitional milk differ from colostrum?

Mature milk composition

Describe the blood/lymph supply to the mammary glands

Why is breast cancer so easily metastesized?

Two developmental anomalies of the mammary gland

Cause of a retracted or inverted nipple if it is not congenital

Extra nipples which may or may not be associated with mammary gland tissue

Tumor variety found in breast cancer

Two important factors that are thought to increase the risk of breast cancer

Differences between benign tumors of chronic cystic metastesis and malignant tumors

What is galactorrhea

Causes of galactorrhea

Enlargement and development of breast tissue in males

Largest and longest bone on the upper extremity

Humerus consists of a shaft and

Number of secondary ossification centers in the humerus

What nerve and blood vessels would be most likely to be damaged with a fracture to the surgical neck of hte humerus?

Fractures at the distal end of the humerus may damage the

Fractures of the shaft of the humerus may damage the

Avulsion fractures of the greater tubercle of the humerous are common with

Pectoralis minor is involved wiht the protraction of the

Pectoralis minor's effect on rib cage

A unilateral condition in which both the pectoralis major and minor are missing

Symptoms of Poland syndrom

Actions of the subclavian muscle