critical thinking chapter 5, 6

their power to express and elicit images, feelings, and emotional associations

refers to the study of persuasive writing

rhetorical bells and whistles have names cuz they are so common and so well understood; primarily used to give statement a positive or negative slant regarding a subject

a neutral or positive expression instead of one that carries negative associations

opposite of euphemism; used to produce a negative effect on a listener's or reader's attitude toward something or to tone down the positive associations it may have

linguistic methods for hedging a bet; weakening a claim

an attempt to make something or something look less important or less significant

a generalization or an assumption about all the members of a group that is based on an image of those in the group

includes many ways of getting a point across without explicitly committing oneself to it

rests on one or more unwarranted or unjustified assumptions

include ridicule and vicious humor of all kinds

extravagant overstatement

use emotively charged language to express or elicit an attitude about something

same kind of slanting device

a comparison of two things or a likening of one thing to another in order to make one of them appear better or worse than it might be

an expression used to suggest that there is evidence or authority for a claim without actually citing such evidence or authority

the support they may appear to offer is only pretended support; pretend reasoning

consists of inflammatory words (or thoughts) followed by a 'conclusion' of some sort; substitutes anger for reason and judgment in considering an issue

blaming a certain group of people, or even a single person for all of life's troubles

trying to scare people into doing something or accepting a position

simpler method might be to threaten the person

when feeling sorry for someone drives us to a position on an unrelated matter

find fault with a person because of envy, guilty of this fallacy

means old fashion flattery

when we accept or urge acceptance (or rejection) of a claim simply because it would be pleasant (or unpleasant) if it were true

eliciting feelings of guilt to get others to do or not to do something, or to accept the view that they should or should not do it

substituting pride of membership in a group for reason and deliberation in arriving at a position on an issue

a powerful and fierce emotion that can lead to blind endorsement of a country's policies and practices

bring a topic into a conversation that distracts from the original point

subtle

urge something to accept a claim simply on the grounds that all or most or some substantial number of people believe it

consists in trying to justify or defend an action or practice

a name that is self=explanatory; do thing cuz theres the way things have always been done

use a false pretest to satisfy our own desires or interests