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personality
the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person
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psychodynamic approaches to personality
approaches that assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control
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psychoanalytic theory
Freud's theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality
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unconscious
a part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware
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preconscious
contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind
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To Freud, personality consists of 3 separate but interacting components
the id, the ego, and the superego
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the id
- raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality,
- from time of birth, id attempts to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses
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pleasure principle
- goal is immediate reduction of tension and maximization of satisfaction;
- reality prevents the fulfillment of the demands of the pleasure principle
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ego
- part of the personality that provides a buffer between id and outside world
- -begins after birth, balances desires of id and realities of outside world
- 'executive' - makes decisions, controls actions, allows thinking and problem solving of a higher order than id's capabilities permit
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reality principle
instinctual energy is restrained to maintain the individual's safety and to help integrate the person into society
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superego
- final personality structure to develop; represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a person's parents, teachers ,and other important figures
- includes conscience
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psychosexual stages
developmental periods that children pass thru during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges
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fixations
conflicts/concerns that persist beyond the development period in which they first occur
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list the psychosexual stages
- 1. oral
- 2. anal
- 3. phallic
- 4. latency
- 5. genital
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Oral stage
- birth to 12-18 months;
- interest in oral gratification from sucking, eating, mouthing, biting
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anal stage
- 12-18 months to 3 years;
- gratification from expelling and withholding feces; coming to terms with society's control relating toilet training
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Phallic stage
- 3 to 5-6 years;
- interest in the genitals, coming to terms with the Oedipal conflict leading to identification with same sex parent
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Latency stage
- 5-6 yr to adolescence;
- sexual concerns largely unimportant
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Genital Stage
- adolescence to adulthood;
- reemergence of sexual interests and establishment of mature sexual relationships
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conscience
prevents us from behaving in a morally improper way by making us feel guilty if we do wrong
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defense mechanisms
in freudian theory, unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source of it from themselves and others
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repression
unacceptable or unpleasant impulses are pushed back into the unconscious
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regression
people behave as if they were at an earlier stage of the development
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displacement
the expression of an unwanted feeling or thought is redirected from a more threatening powerful person to a weaker one
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rationalization
people provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior
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denial
people refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of information
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projection
people attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else
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sublimation
people divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
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reaction formation
unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness
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neo-freudian psychoanalysts
psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points
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collective unconscious
according to Jung, its a common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors, the whole human race ,and even animal ancestors from the distant past
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Who rejected freud's view of the primary importance of unconscious sexual urges?
neo-freudians, Carl jung
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archetypes
universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience (such as good and evil)
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Karen Horney
- personality develops in context of social relationships and depends particularly on relationship between parents and child and how well child's needs are met. no penis envy, but sucess, independence, and freedom
- -stressed importance of cultural factors
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Alfred Adler
- says that primary human motivation is a striving for superiority in terms of self-improvement and perfection
- -inferiority complex
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inferiority complex
according to Adler, a problem affecting adults who have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority that they developed as children, when they were small and limited in their knowledge about the world
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