-
Glycine
- Non-polar
- Uncharged
- Non-essential
- Only AA without a chiral C
- Found in high concentrations in collagen
- Allows bends in peptide chains
-
Alanine
- Non-polar
- Uncharged
- Non-essential
- Released from muscle during starvation, exercise, or after high carbohydrate meal to be turned into glucose (used in glyconeogenesis)
-
Valine
- Non-polar (aliphatic)
- Uncharged
- Essential
- Branched chain AA
-
Leucine
- Non-polar
- Uncharged
- Essential
- Branched Chain AA
- High concentrationi in globulins and albumins (hemoglobin)
- Partial degredation yields HMG CoA (Precurser to cholesterol)
-
Isolecine
- Nonpolar
- Uncharged
- Essential
- Branched chain
- Structural isomer of leucine
-
Methionine
- Nonpolar
- Uncharged
- Essential
- S-containing (sulfer)
- Precursor for S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) and cysteine
-
Function of SAMe in the body
Methylates compounds
-
Same required to make
Carnitine, creatine, epinephrine, melatonin, glutathione, taurine, myelin basic protein
-
There has been some evidence to suggest SAMe could be used to treat
Osteoarthritis, depression
-
Population who should not use SAMe
Those with bipolar disorder, patients already on antidepressents, cancer patients (chemo meds interact)
-
Proline
- Nonpolar (but not aliphatic)
- Uncharged
- Nonessential
- NOT aromatic, despite ring structure (not a 6 carbon ring)
- Disrupts α-helix and β-pleated sheet structure
- Found in high concentrations in collagen
-
AA that makes up part of the glucose that is intolerable in those with celiac's disease
Proline
-
Two components of gluten, which is the body intolerant of?
Glutenin, gliadin - body doesn't like gliadin (about 1/133 Americans have Ciliac's - autoimmune disorder concerning gluten)
-
Phenylalanine
- Nonpolar
- Aromatic (has the 6 carbon ring structure)
- Uncharged
- Essential
- Precursor for tyrosine
-
People with PKU lack the ability to process which amino acid?
Phenylalanine
-
A patient with PKU needs to consume more of which AA, because of the inability to process Phenylalanine?
Thiamine
-
In cystic fibrosis, what is missing in the protein that regulates transport of choride ions across cell membranes?
1 phenylalanine
-
In patients with cystic fibrosis, the missing phenylalanine causes buildup of
Mucus (especially in lungs/digestive tract)
-
Tryptophan
- Nonpolar
- Aromatic
- Uncharged
- Essential
-
Tryptophan is a precursor for
-
Neurotransmitter needed for mood, behavior, body T and appetite
Serotonin (tryptophan is precursor)
-
Hormone needed for biological clock and acts as an antioxidant
Melanin (tryptophan is precursor)
-
Most of the daily requirement for niacin comes from what single AA?
Tryptophan
-
Serine
- Polar
- Uncharged
- Nonessential
- Important in active site of enzymes (able to h-bond easily)
-
Threonine
- Polar
- Uncharged
- Essential
- Similar to serine in the phsphorylation of protein regulation
-
Cysteine
- Polar
- Uncharged
- Nonessential
- Thiol group (SH) is a PROTON DONOR in GLUTATHIONE (antioxidant properties)
- Important in proteins that participate in REDOX
- reactions
- Important for cross-linking proteins hrough disulfide bonds
-
Tyrosine
- Polar
- Aromatic
- Uncharged
- Nonessential
-
Tyrosine is a precursor for
- Thyroid hormones (thyroxine)
- Melanin (pigment)
- Catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)
-
Asparagine
- Polar
- Uncharged
- Nonessential
- Forms acrylamide with sugar at high temperature
-
Glutamine
- Polar
- Uncharged
- Nonessential
- Most abundant free AA in the body
- Principal Ncarrier in body
- *Made from metabolism of glutamate synthesized in the brain!
-
Aspartate
- Acidic (negative charge)
- Nonessential
- Important for transporting electrons in electron transport chain
-
Glutamate
- Acidic (negative charge)
- Nonessential
- Excites neurons
- Precursor for GABA (GABA is nonexcitatory)
-
Lysine
- Basic (net positive charge)
- Essential
- Site for hydroxylation in proteins (important in collagen formation)
-
Alzheimers Disease Proteins
-
Arginine
- Basic (net positive charge)
- Nonessential
- Precursor for nitric oxide
-
Histidine
- Basic (net positive charge)
- Essential
- Precursor for histamine (allergies)
- Important in hemoglobin and myoglobin (Fe)
-
Essential amino acids
- Phenylalanine
- Valine
- Tryptophan
- MethionineTHreonine
- Histidine
- Isoleucine
- Lysine
- Leucine
PVT MT HILL
-
Three ways body uses AA's
-
AA used to make glucose if necessary is called
Glucogenic
-
Two AA that are ketogenic only
-
Four AA's that are Ketogenic and glucogenic
- Tyrosine
- Isoleucine
- Phenylalanine
- Tryptophan
-
Five coenzymes/cofactors in AA metabolism (turning essential AA's into non-essential AA's)
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin B6
- Folic acid (B9)
- Iron
- Niacin (B3)
-
Coenzymes v. Cofactors - which is organic?
Coenzyme
-
Coenzymes v. Cofactors - which is inorganic?
Cofactors
-
What is the one cofactor required for AA metabolism?
Iron
-
Two ways amino acids are synthesized
- Deamination
- Transamination
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