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Operant Conditioning:
- -based on reinforcers and punishments used after a response
- -(Skinner)
-
Classical Conditioning
- -based on what happens before the response
- -Baby Albert, Pavlov's dogs
- -Pavlov/respondent conditioning
- -(John Watson)
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Polygraph measures
Heart rate, blood pressure, GSR (sweat),
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A drive independent of "bodily needs"
non-homeostatic
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Gestures used while speaking
illustrators
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Biological needs for survival:
primary needs
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Bulimia characteristics:
- -intentionally ridding your body of calories (laxatives, vomiting, excessive exercise etc)
- -serious health problems
-
Intrinsic motivation
Inward motivation not caused by outside rewards etc.
-
Extrinsic motivation
motivation from outside rewards/reinforcements
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Kinestics
study of body language
-
Arousal levels are:
- -high when exhibiting emotions or panic
- -moderate during a normal day
- -low when sleeping
- -zero at death
-
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Plutchik's theory:
- - 8 primary emotions
- -primary emotions are mixed to create more complex emotions (fear+joy=guilt) (joy+anticipation=optimism)
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Emotional Intelligence:
the level of ability to read others and your own emotions
-
alexithyimia:
difficulty in experiencing, expressing and describing emotional responses.
-
empathy
ability to understand and project others emotions onto your self (looking at a emotional perspective from their shoes)
-
Fight or flight turns on the
sympathetic nervous system
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Motivational sequence:
- -needs
- -drives
- -responses
- -goals
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Arousal theory
- -stimulus are homeostatic
- -humans become uncomfortable when arousal is too low or too high
- -they will act to increase or decrease their level of arousal
-
intracellular thirst
thirst after eating something salty
-
body language communicates
an overall tone of emotion
-
Behavioral dieting:
- -keeping a "diet diary"
- -counting calories
- -exercising
-
circadian rhythms
- -24 hour cycle
- -motivated at the high point of the circadian rhythm
-
physiological changes while experiencing emotion are usually caused by
the sympathetic nervous system
-
Motivation:
- "internal mechanisms which begin, maintain, and direct behavior."
-
Deficiency motives
-occur when basic physiological and safety needs are not met
-
Deviation IQ
difference between a person's IQ and the average IQ for people in their age group
-
A model is more likely to be imitated:
- -if they are admired
- -are rewarded for their actions
- etc.
-
Creator of the intelligence test (1904):
Alfred Binet
-
Spontaneous recovery:
- Returning to the response after it had been "extinguished."
- -Rats in the Skinner box, hit the bar and pellet food pops out. The rat is removed from the box. When later returned, it will start hitting the bar again.
-
Skinner box:
example of operant conditioning
-
Factors that have an effect on intelligence:
-environment
-
Symbols are used in language to...
... stand for objects and ideas.
-
Cognition involves:
- -problem-solving
- -day-dreaming
- -etc.
-
Response chaining:
a series of actions linked together that lead to reinforcement
-
With continuous reinforcement a subject will be rewarded for:
every correct response
-
Antecedents:
precede an event
-
Consequences:
follow after an event
-
Inductive Reasoning:
going from specific information to a general principle
-
Deductive Reasoning:
going from a general principle to a specific conclusion.
-
Drawbacks to punishments:
- possibly causes more agression
-
punishment:
- -reduces the likelihood of a certain behavior being repeated.
- -works best when applied with reinforcement
-
adaptive behaviors:
dressing oneself, eating, communicating, working, etc
-
Howard Gardner claims there are
eight different kinds of intelligence
-
Discovery learning
produces better understanding of new problems than rote learning.
-
amygdala
part of the brain that produces a fear response
-
A heuristic
- a systematic way to find the best answer by:
- -reading the stem of each word
- -forming a tentative response before reading the choices
- -looking for key words
- etc
-
A conceptual rule:
a guideline for deciding whether objects or events belong to a concept class
-
Positive reinforcement
when a pleasant or desirable event follows a response
-
Mental age/chronological age x 100 =
Intelligence quotient
-
reinforement
will increase the likelyhood of a certain behavior being repeated
-
transformation rules (Chomsky):
ability to express ideas in a variety of way
-
a concept
a generalized idea representing a category of related objects or events
-
a key element that underlies learning:
feedback
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