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Knowing what the subsistence base is, allows the possibility of predicting many of the other basic cultural patterns.
True/False
True
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adaptive strategies (5)
foraging, horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism, and industrialism
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four basic subsistence types
- - foraging (hunting and gathering wild plants/animals)
- - pastoralism (herding large domesticated animals)
- - horticulture (small-scale, low intensity farming)
- - intensive agriculture (large-scale, intensive farming)
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Foraging for wild plants and hunting wild animals is the most ancient of human subsistence patterns.
True/False
True
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Foragers generally have a passive dependence on what the environment contains. (t/f)
True
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Some East African and Western North American foragers in are known to have periodically regenerated the productivity of their environments by intentionally burning grasslands and sparse woodlands. (t/f)
True - encouraged new vegetation growth, attracting game animals.
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Economic roles are mostly based on gender and age. (t/f)
True
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It is unusual for some tasks to be performed by either men or women. (t/f)
False - it ISN'T unusual for some to be performed by both genders
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Foragers settle temporarily... give an example of this.
Ojibwa in Wisconsin located around small lakes to gather wild rice.
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The length of time that foragers stay in any one location is largely determined by the availability of food and water that is readily
obtainable. (t/f)
True
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Foraging populations are very high density compared to other subsistence patterns. (t/f)
False - they're low density
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The band size tends to stabilize well below the carrying capacity of the local environment. Why?
- - social factors limit the community size (not food scarcity)
- - more people = more potential conflict
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3 major variations of foraging and define
- 1.Pedestrian (diversified hunting and gathering on foot)
- 2.Equestrian (concentrating on hunting large mammals from horseback)
- 3.Aquatic (concentrating on fish and/or marine mammal hunting usually from boats)
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Prior to invention of agriculture ____ years ago, almost all people lived like pedestrian foragers.
10,000
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Equestrian foragers have evolved in only two areas of the world--the Great Plains of North
America and the sparse grasslands of Southern Argentina. (t/f)
True
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Equestrian foraging allowed Native Americans to follow migration of ____ over hundreds of miles.
- bison or buffalo
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Aquatic Foragers
- focused subsistence activities on:
- well-known lived in:
- - fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and/or marine mammals
- - Northwest Coast of North America
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The hunting and gathering way of life is that of an uncertain existence in a harsh environment and a short miserable life. (t/f)
False - MISCONCEPTION; myth demolished by ethnographic research
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People who subsisted by hunting and
gathering often, but not always, lived in band-organized societies. (t/f)
True
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All human societies have some kind of division of labor based on gender. (t/f)
True
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egalitarian = ?
- equal based on gender; foraging societies are mostly egalitarian
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Horticulture involves cultivation that makes intensive use of land, labor, capital, or machinery. (t/f)
False - they're not intensive
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Example of horticulturalists
the Yanomami and shifting cultivation
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4 types of political organization and define
- 1.Band—small kin-based group found among
- foragers
- 2.Tribe—economies based on non-intensive food production
- 3.Chiefdom—intermediate form between tribe and state
- 4.State—formal governmental structure and
- socioeconomic stratification
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The Yanomami believe that the position of village head (the main leadership position) is achieved; it comes with very limited authority. (t/f)
True
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Sodality (pantribal); define and examples
non-kin-based organizations that may generate cross-societal linkages; secret societies/DAR
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age sets; define and example
- unisex (usually male) political groups, including everyone born within a certain time
- span; high school or age grades among plains tribes a 13 year old group, you must buy status
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define office
- Office:
- A permanent position that must be
- refilled when it is vacated by death or retirement
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sex and gender: differences
- sex - biological
- gender - cultural
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matrilineal/matrilocal societies
women have the power (Iroquois women control the economy and have political influence)
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descent group
a group based on belief in a shared ancestry
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