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dmandrus
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A plant that has no wood in the stem is called?
herbaceous
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Annuals are plants that?
grow from seed, flower, set seed and die in one season
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perennials are?
Plants that come up again every year such as tulips
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daffodils and columbines are?
perenials
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name 2 deciduous evergreens
Larch, and tamarack
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Lawn grasses are perennial, biennial, or annual?
perenial
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buttercups, monkshood, ferns and milkweed are important because
They are toxic to hoof stock
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monkshood is known for?
Toxic to hoofstock
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What is the rules of threes?
plants of 3 different species should be plants in proximity to eachother in flower beds
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Liquid fertilizers are quickly absorbed nutrients true or false?
True
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10-2-5 on a fertilizer lable means what?
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Are rotted manure and compost acceptable sources of fertilizer?
Yes
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MIcrobes and fungus improve soil quality?
True
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Where does Skunk cabbage grow?
shady boggy areas
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Sand perlite and vermiculite are all what?
Important inorganic soil amendments
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The major funtion of inorganic soil amendments is nutrients?
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name 3 inorganic soil amendments
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PLants are generally considered, herbacious or?
Woody
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Woody plants are characterized by?
Having wood in the stem not necessarily being trees
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Not only trees have woody stems but?
Shrubs and some perenial flowering plants especially from arctic or alpine places
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Evergreens are defined as?
Retaining their leaves for more than pone year
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Name a conifer that loses its needles every year
Larch
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______ complete their life cyce within one year
Annuals
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Are sunflowers a annual, perennial, or biennial?
Annual
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Are petunias a a annual, perennial, or biennial?
Annual
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Are marigolds a a annual, perennial, or biennial?
Annual
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Are zinnias a annual, perennial, or biennial?
Annual
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Are hollyhocks a annual, perennial, or biennial?
Biennials
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Are forget-me-not a annual, perennial, or biennial?
Biennial
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is foxglove a annual, perennial, or biennial?
biennial
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is sweet william a annual, perennial, or biennial?
Biennial
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are columbines a annual, perennial, or biennial?
perennial
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are anemones a annual, perennial, or biennial?
perennial
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are daffodils a annual, perennial, or biennial?
perennial
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are tulips a annual, perennial, or biennial?
perennial
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MOst zoos buy annuals because
they can getearlier long lasting flowers
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Biennials need atleast ____ years to bloom set seed and die
2
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What can biennials do as a purpose on their 1st year?
Act as ground shelter to protect the soil.
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Many Flowering plants can attract beautiful butterflies and?
Bees which can be a hazard
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Perenials usually live how long?
Several years
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most zoo perenials are?
Herbaceous
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Why are perennials so useful?
- MInimized labor
- come in every colour in the rainbow
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Perennials big claim to fame is?
- diversity
- grow in shade and sun, every different colouyr texture, height etc
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Perennials usually become more _______ with each year they come back
Bushier and showier
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Can you just leave perennils?
No they still need watering pruning and maintenance
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3 places you can gather trees and shrubs
- Nurseries
- garden centers
- Provincial permits to gather
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Why do zookeepers need to have a good basic knowledge of indigenous plants
- Best suited for the environment
- probably most hardy
- probably lowest maintenance
- most natural looking
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WHat is a good substitute for a tamarack larch that does not do well on the prairies?
Siberian larch
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buttercup daffodils and elderberry are all?
Poisonous to hoofstock
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what part of rhubarb is poisonous?
Leaves
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Monkshoof and milkweed are?
Toxic to hoofstock
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ferns can often be?
Toxic to hoofstock
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Foxglove contains
digitalis that affects heart rate
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WHat parts of water hemlock are poisonous?
All parts
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Are toxic plants toxic all the time?
NO some plants are only poisonous during certain seasons or only if grown in certain soils
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What is something to always consider when planting fruit trees
When fruit ripens and falls animals can consume over ripe fruits and become quite intoxicated
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Sign of an intoxicated bird?
Hanging by 1 foot or wing spread eagle
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Coniferous trees can be useful to hoofstock for/
Removal of velvet or shaggy coats
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WHat are 2 good choices for browse enrichment growth and why?
- Hybrid poplar, siberian elm
- Hardy fast growing species that can regenerate from the base after cutting
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Trees can regrow from the stump and dont need to be replanted (T/F)
True
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Best tree harvest rotation schedule is?
3-5 year rotation
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Trees and shrubs should be planted in a hole large enough to
For the roots to be spread out not scrunched up
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When planting trees and shrubs, cover the roots in and be sure that the plant is at the same?
- Organic soil
- level it was before
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Leave a depression when planting trees around the trunk how big and why? WHat else should you do for the first few years?
- 0.5-1meter to water them in
- stake the trees so it will not cause them to shift
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When trees are very large and need to come down you should?
COnsult a professional
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If trees which tend to sucker need to be cut they should be done when?
Late fall
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HOw do you prevent regrowth a shrub being removed.
Cut then till with commercial till to get the roots
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2 uses for trees and shrubs that are being torn out
- Enrichment for animals
- chipped in a chipper and used for mulch
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IF a soil has a tendency to dry adding what can help
Digging in peat moss
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heavy clay soils can be improved by?
Adding organic matter and inorganic matter such as perlite or coarse sand
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2 types of fertilizer
Liquid or slow release granule types
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What is usually more expensive compost and manure or synhetic fertilizers
compost
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When fertilizing blue grass you should do it when and why?
- Early spring or fall
- fertlizing in the summer can stimulate crabgrass and other weeds
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Nitorgen in plants is important for what?
- Proteins and chlorophyll
- Acellerates growth and results in dark green colour
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NItrogen should always be supplelemted with?
Plenty of water
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Nutrient in fertilizers that is most needed? (abundance)
NItrogen
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Phosphorus is important for?
Root growth, utilization of sugar, photosynthysis, cell division, maturity and rapid growth
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Phosphorus deficiency looks like?
Slowed plant growth and purpling or browning on lower leaves moving upwards
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Potassium is needed for?
Photosynthesis, activation of enzymes, and osmotic regularion
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Potassium deficicency appears as what in alfalfa?
White spots
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Sulfer is added to fertilizer for what?
Enhance function of nitrogen, elminate or reduce incidence of fungal diseases in flowerbeds
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Synthetic fertilizers add nutrients but dont?
INcrease soil texture or structure
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Organic material increase texture and structure of soil how?
- INcreases aggregration of soil particles through microbes
- microbes produce gelatinous material
- fungus hyphae wrap around particles
- Humic acid formed with decomp ehich forms complexes with clay releasing elements for plants
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Before adding fertilizer best thing to do is?
Soil analyses
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Solubility fo fertilizer can result in?
Leaching in heavy rains
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Organic magterials are generally much lower in utrient concentration than synthetics. some exceptions include
- Blood meal : N = 10-15
- Bone meal : P = 22-24
- Hoof and horn meal : N = 10-14
- Dried poultry manure : K = 3
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Compost is?
Organic material on its way to becoming humus
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Do not try to compost
- meat and bone
- feces of carnivores or primates
- weeds gone to seed or disease trees or shrubs
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to be effective the compost pile should heat to?
70 degrees celcius
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With the heat generated it may b required to?
Soak and turn over the pile periodically
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some zoos use chips and sawdust for?
Putting on paths to prevent mud buildup
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IF you add sawdust or bark to soils you can do what?
INcrease water andnutrient holding ability
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Inidication of lack of nitrogen?
Pale or yellow foliage
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Sawdust has a bad name because?
Absorbs nitrogen when decomposes and decomposes quickly
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What is a phytotoxin
- TOxin found in plants, toxic to plants.
- Often seen in trees so if ground up and added to soil can cause problems
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Phytotoxins often found in?
- Western red cedar
- white pine bark
- black walnut
- hemlock bark
- redwood
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How can we reduce toxicity of phytotoxins in trees
Newly milled wood should be allowed to sit outside for 6 weeks
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Sawdust is naturally what pH? does this cause problems
- Acidic
- no quickly neautralized by soil.
- Acids break down quickly
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Peat moss is from?
undecomposed Sphagnum moss
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Peat moss cells can hold _____x their weight in water
400
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Water held in peat moss is useful to plants becaus
Held loosely enough that plants can steal it
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Sphagnum contains what compound
Shagnol a mild antiseptic
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30% of worlds peatmoss comes from
Canada
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3 important inorganic soild amendments are?
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Inorganics are added to
IMprove aeration drainage and soil texture
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Soil compaction removes? Major problem in zoos when? Can be prevented by?
- Soil atmosphere, can kill trees
- Hoofed stock or large mammals use area
- Taking fences surrounding trees and ,moving them outwards to half the height of the tree
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IS sand used alone to lighten heavy clay soils?
NO often in half and half mix with compost
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Sand used in soils should be?(4)
- >0.5mm in diameter
- not washed
- irregular shape
- not beach sand
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WHat happens if you add small round sand particles to clay
You get a substance similar to concrete when you try to till it
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GIve an example of a good sand to use to lighten a soil
- Coarse silica sand (builders sand) washed to remove silt
- Helps make pores bigges and facilitate drainage of water itno soil
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Does the amount of sand and organics needing to be added to clay seem like aot?
- Yes often more than one would expect.
- Best to experiemnt with a small area and record ratios
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Perlite is manufactured from
Granite like volcanic rock that is crushed and then heated to 980 degrees causing granules to expand and fill with air
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Describe perlite
- LIghtweight
- White
- Holds little neutrients
- neautral pH
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How does perlite trap moisture
Surface is covered in tiny pits that catch it
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Drawbacks to perlite?
- Expensive
- Does nto last long
May be desirable for small feature sites and hanging baskets
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IF perlite is worked often by heavy tilling what happens? We use perlite mostly in?
- Breaks down to dust and then impedes the soil instead of helping it
- greenhouses and hydroponic operations
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Vermiculite is ?
- Lightweight, inert consistent product
- MIca is heated to 870 degrees in manufacturing
- expands to 12x normal volume
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Advantage to vermiculite
Can bind and release nutrients and has some pottasium and magnesium
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Vermiculite like perlite is?
- Espensive
- used in hydroponic operations
- breaks down with tilling
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HYdrogels are also known as?
Water absorbing polymers
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Describe hydrogels
- Polymers that absorb water and swell where the water can be extracted slowly by the plant preventing or delaying drough stress
- apparently absorb 100x weight in water
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Full expanion of hydrogels takes? Really good for reducing? best used in?
- 6 hours
- watering frequency
- hanging baskets
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Hydrogels are sometimes used in sandy soils incorporated to a depth of
15cm
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Expansion and contraction of hydrogels can cause what
Increased soil aeration
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HYdrogels can also store? Hydrogels are purported to last?
- dissolved nutrients
- 10years
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Hydrogels tend to absorb what minerals? This can be a problem when? Why? This results in what? HYdrogels are best used where?
- Iron, magnesium, and calcium
- Prairie soils
- Minerals destroy hydrogel structure
- Slimy mass impeding soil pore space
- coastal or formerly forest areas
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3 functions of horticulture in exhibits
- aesthetic barriers
- beutify enclosures
- sites where animals can rest
- enrichment
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3 sources where you can obtain trees
- Nurseries
- permit to take from wild
- municipal greenhouses
- ask for donations from forestry companies
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to prevent soil compaction by hoofed stock leading to damage to or death of trees how far out from the trees should fences be extended
half the heigh of the tree
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define annual plants
Germinate, grow, flower, set seed and die in one season
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define biennial plants
take 2 years from germination to flowering then die
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define perennials
live multiple years and flower and set seed each year after maturtiy
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a fertilizer 20-10-3 would be best for
early spring lawn supplement
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name 3 inorganic soil amendments
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3 organic soil amendments
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