chapter 12 radiography continue

–Circular

–Angular

–Gliding

–Special Movements

• Arc-like rotation of a
• structure around an axis

–Rotation: pivoting of a bone on its axis

–Circumduction: Moves the distal end of a bone in a circle, resulting in a conical-shaped motion

• –Supination: Lateral rotation of
• the bones of the forearm so the palm of the hand is facing up or anterior.

• –Pronation: Medial rotation of
• the bones of the forearm so the palm of the hand is facing down or posterior.

Bending,change of angle between long bone and two bones making up joint

–Flexion:Bending that decreases angle between two bones

–Extension Bending that increases the angle between two bones

–Abduction:Move away from the midline of the body

• –Adduction:Move
• towards midline of the body

Bone slides over another

Patella over femur

•Inversion–Turning plantar surface inward

•Eversion–Turning plantar surface outward

•Protraction–Moving part forward, anterior

•Retraction–Moving part backward, posterior

•Elevation–Moves part upward, superior

•Depression–Moves part downward, inferior

• Terms that describe the relationship of body parts to each other and to location or
• orientation of body structures

•Based on Anatomical Position

forward or front portion of the body or body part

backward or back portion of the body or body part; the opposite of anterior

away from the head

pertaining to the head; toward the head; the opposite of caudal

pertaining to the middle area or main part of an organ or body part

away from the central mass of an organ, toward its outer limits; the opposite of central

• away from the source or point of origin; for example, the wrist is distal to the elbow,
• being farther from the point of origin of the arm, which is at the shoulder

toward the source or point of origin; the opposite of distal

• pertaining to the back part or surface of the body or part; the top surface of the foot;
• or the back of the hand

forward, front part; the opposite of dorsal

to the outside, at or near the surface of the body or a body part

deep, near the center of the body or a body part; the opposite of external

below, farther from the head

above, toward the head; the opposite of inferior

referring to the side, away from the center to the left or right

toward the center of the body or the center of a part; the opposite of lateral

referring to the palm (anterior surface) of the hand

referring to the sole of the foot

referring to the walls of a cavity

pertaining to organs

• -Sagittal
• -Mid-sagittal
• -Coronal
• -Mid-Coronal
• -Transverse/Horizontal
• -Oblique

Left and Right

Equal left and right parts

Anterior and Posterior

Equal Anterior and Posterior parts

Inferior and Superior

Any angle not included above

• –Prone
• –Recumbent
• –Supine
• -upright

Placement of the body or body part with the sagittal plane parallel to the IR

Named according to the side adjacent to the radiographic table or IR.

Angulation of the coronal plane of the chest with the IR

• Upright patient leans back so that only the dorsal aspect of the shoulders is in
• contact with the IR.

• Body part or entire body is placed so that the coronal plane is not parallel with
• the radiographic table or IR

• Usually stated as a degree of rotation, either from a body plane or toward the affected
• side.

Path of the CR from the radiographic tube and through the patient to the IR

Most are named, in anatomic terms, by the CR entrance and exit points in the body

• CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface of the body or anatomic
• structure

• CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior surface of the body or anatomic
• structure

Sagittal plane of the body or body part is parallel to the IR

Named for the side of the patient that is nearest the IR

• •Extremities
• are  described with the lateral or medial
• entrance and exit of the CR
• (mediolateral or lateromedial)

• Body is rotated so that the CR travels through the body on an oblique plane, rather
• than following an anatomic plane.

Named by the entrance and exit points of  the CR

• Longitudinal angulation
• of the CR of 10 degrees or more

Caudal or Cephalic

Directing the CR to “skim” the profile of the anatomy

Film Screen: Limited Usage Film and Screen Cassette

• •Computed Radiography: Photostimulable
• Phosphor Plates Cassette

• •Digital Radiography:Thin
• Film Transistors Cassetteless

Cassette Based: Placed parallel with body part

• •Lengthwise: Long dimension is parallel with the long axis of the body part
• Also known as Portrait

• •Crosswise: Long dimension is perpendicular with the long axis of the body part
• _Also known as Landscape

•Diagonal: For anatomy that will not fit lengthwise

• Improves Image Quality
• –Decreases scatter

Reduces Patient Dose

• •Exposure
• field placement on the Image Receptor

–Standard is only 1 image per plate

•Advantages Allows the Radiologist easier post processing for each image

•Improves image interpretation

•More accurate diagnosis

•Consistent appearance

•Optimizes Viewing and Storage of the Image

All must be properly aligned

Table top Convenient for patient

Body part aligned with the IR

Use the correct SID

Minimum of 40”

Align the Central Ray with the center of the body part

Collimate All 4 edges should be within the boundaries of the IR