Chapter 7

processes by which information is encoded, stored, andretrieved.

Information about the outside world reaches our senses in the form of physicaland chemical stimuli

remembering things as a picture.

remembering things as a sequence of sounds

remembering things in terms of their meaning

maintaining information over time

mentally repeating information.

our awareness of the functioning of our memory.

elaborating or extending the semantic meaning ofwhat you are trying to remember

requires locating stored information and returning it to consciousness.

three stages of memory

is the type of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus.

Visual stimuli are referred to as          

The sensory register that holds icons

Photographic memory is technically referred to as         

having the ability to store visual stimuli for remarkably long periods of time.

occur about four times every second.

Iconic memory holds icons for up to               

Mental representations of sounds, or auditory stimuli, are called             

The sensory register that holds echoes

If one focuses on a stimulus in the sensory register, they will tend to retain it in _________

also referred to as working memory

In short term memory the image tends to significantly fade after               if it is not rehearsed.

The tendency to recall the first and last items in a series

discrete elements of information

the third stage of information processing

memories people tend to remember that are surprising, important, and emotionally stirring

arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common or distinct features.

the feeling of knowing experience.

clear in the context in which they were formed.

We retrieve information better when we are in the physiological or emotional state that is similar to the one in which we encoded and stored the information

Three basic memory tasks have been used to measure forgetting:

Failure to recognize something we have experienced

Remembering information from memory without cues.

We can relearn information more rapidly the second time.

difference between the number of repetitions needed to learn and the number of repetitions to relearn the list.

new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning

older learning interferes with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material

we are motivated to forget painful memories because they produce anxiety, guilt, and shame

recovered memories that are sometime induced by therapists

difficulty in remembering episodes that happened prior to age 3 or so

memory lapses for the period following a trauma.

memory lapses for the period before the accident

electrical circuits in the brain that correspond to memory traces.

increases the efficiency of conditioning.

released when stimuli are paired repeatedly.

involved in the formation of new memories

Parts of memories are stored in appropriate areas of the          

largely responsible for integrating these pieces of information when we recall an event.

acts apparently as the executive center in memory

involved in verbal memories.