Block One Lecture 1

bacteriology

virology

mycology (fungi) 

Parasitology

• invented the first microscope in 1595 in Holland
• developed as a "toy" for the Royal Dutch Court

2nd attempt of his microscope= bone flea microscope

single greatest experimental scientist of the 17th century

interests across all scientific disciplines

Known as the "Man who knew everything"

made the first major improvements to the Jansen designs

made some of the first scientific reports using the microscope in 1665

studied cork and fleas

Micrographia published in 1665

1662; named Curator of Experiments of the newly formed Royal Society of London

thin slices of cork

cork and fleas

microscopical pores

• compound micrscope
• first detailed description of small life

"animalcules"

water collected from abbey gutters, water containing corn, and material scrapped from his teeth

bacteria

Abiogenesis: the production of living things from non living things (didn't go away until around 1875-1880

spontaneous generation: the ability to produce life from non-life; synonm to abiogenesis

biogenesis: the production of living things only from other living things

Francisco Redi

opposed it

In 1668, he demonstrted that maggots do not arise from rotting meat

• Two sets of jars containing rotting meat:
• -one set of three sealed jars containing meat--> no maggots
• -one set of three open jars containing meat--> maggots

His experiment showed taht maggots only appeared after flies landed on teh meat in teh open jars

no; they argued against him

John Needham

a strong proponent of SG

- In 1745, he boiled straw and soil to make a nutrient broth, poured the broth into covered flasks. Even after sealing, the flasks teemed with life after a few days

he waited days before covering or boiled it wrong

--> contamination

In 1765, he showed that Needham's sealing process forced air into the flasks, dealing a blow to SG (showed that Needham's experiment was faulty)

He heated the broth before and after sealing

He claimed the loss of a vital force

in 1858, he theorized that cells begat cells; an earlier publishing of a series of essays by Theodor Schwann established the cell as the basic unit of life 

basedresearch on two papers

• Described complex structures made from colonies of cells
• Thus, he set the stage for life from life

In 1861, using short necked flasks, he repeated Needham's work and found that Spallanzani was correct.

• He made S-necked flasks filled with broth, boiled them, and exposed them to air
• - the neck shape did not allow for the exchange of materials between the outside air and the broth

they were left open for decades with no growth. The flasks were sealed in teh early part of this century and remain free of microbes

aseptic techniques

a directed vaccine

Demonstrated that microbes could be killed by heat

Took broth with microbes, heated it, and showed the loss of microbes

Repeated heating to destroy heat labile endospores

killing bacteria endospores--> repeated rounds of heat, cold, heat, cold, etc

Pasteur came up with a gradient of heat to burn bacteria, which worked for all but endospores

Tyndallization was up down up down heat pattern and was good for non-specific foods