rad1 exam chapter 12

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depressions

indentations or hollows in the surface
projections

processes that grow out from the bone surface
prone

lying face down
recumbent

lying down
supine

lying on back
upright

erect, standing or seated
Angled Tube
Choose the correct SID Lower 1” for each 5˚ angle

Align CR with the body part
- •Example: SID of 40” with a 30˚angle
- –30÷ 5 =6”
Drop tube SID to 34” with a 30˚ angle
Radiographic Markers
•Side Markers Include Technologist Initials

•Placed on IR during exposure

–Part of Image

–Placed on IR out of the way of anatomy

–DO NOT use annotation in place of markers

•Marker Placement Rules

–Mark the patient’s correct side

•Left or Right

•Place within Margins and Radiation Field

•Take care not to superimpose Anatomy of interest
- •Right marker should never be placed past the midline of the left side of the body and
- vice versa
•AP or PA projections typically use the Right Marker

•Obliques that include both sides of the body, mark the side closest to the IR

Laterals mark the side closest to the IR

Decubitus mark the side up
Pathology

•Pathology Study of disease processes

•Diagnosis Process of identifying a disease

•Prognosis a prediction of the course of the disease and the prospects for the patient's
Pathology continued

Disease any abnormal change in the structure or function of the body Identified by their manifestations (3 types)

•Sign Objective and observed by the examiner

•Symptoms Subjective and can only be identified by the patient

•Syndrome Group of manifestations all together are typical of a condition, disease, or illness
Disease Classifications

•Acute Fast Onset, short duration

•Chronic Long onset, long duration, recurrent

•Contagious Can be transmitted to someone else

•Non-Contagious Can not be transmitted to someone else
Structural vs Functional
- •Structural Causes
- changes to the cells in the body Cancer
•Functional Abnormal change in function but no structural cellular changes Migraine Headache
Hereditary vs Congenital

•Hereditary caused by abnormalities in the genetic makeup of the individual and are inherited from a parent

•Acquired Any disease that is not hereditary

•Congenital Conditions present at birth Most are hereditary but not all
Disease Causation

•Idiopathic Unknown cause

•Iatrogenic Results from treatment from a healthcare provider

•Nosocomial Acquired in hospitals

•Occupational exposure Healthcare worker acquires while working
Inflammation

–Immune system response

–Initial part of the healing process

–Redness, heat, swelling, pain
Neoplasms

Growths or tumors due to the malfunction of the system that controls cell growth
Benign

Single masses of cells that have limited growth and stay in one location
Malignant

Cancerous, invade surrounding tissues, and capable of metastasis
Matter

Anything that occupies space and has a shape or form

MASS: Quantity of Matter that makes up a physical object

Changeable in shape, but mass is unchangeable

Water to Ice to Water to Water Vapor
Law of Conservation
Matter can be neither created or destroyed. It can only change in form.
- Energy can be neither created or destroyed. It
- can only change in form.
Atoms
3 main parts

–Neutrons Neutral no electrical charge)

–Protons Number of Protons determines an Atoms type Positive (+ charge)

Electrons Negative (- charge)
- Changes in the arrangement of
- the above particles is what makes the differences in matter
Binding Energy Holds electrons in their place. Closer to the nucleus, the more binding energy. The larger the atom, the more the binding energy
- K shell is the most important Removal
- of a K Shell electron is one way x-rays are produced.
Elements

A substance made up of only one type of atom

All atoms of an element have the same atomic number

Higher Atomic number, the greater the mass and density
Ionization

Ion a neutral atom that gains or loses and electron Neutral atom loses an electron = positive charge

Neutral atom gains an electron = negative charge

Ionization is the process of losing or gaining an electron producing an electrical charge
Electromagnetic Energy
Energy possessing both electric and magnetic properties

–Travels @ 186,000 miles/second

–Light,radio waves, microwaves, etc.

–Changes the field in which they pass
- These changes in fields occur in a repeating form called the sinusoidal wave (sine
- wave)
Radiography

Wavelength describes energy of the beam

–Short wavelength Greater energy, higher frequency, more penetrating

–Long wavelength Less energy, less frequency, less penetrating
Electricity
Electrical Current

–(-) charges flow toward a (+) charge
- Flows through the following conductors when there is a difference in electrical
- charges (potential difference) between 2 points in the circuit:
- Vacuum
- Saltwater
- Metals such as copper
•Circuit Continuous path of electricity
Rectification

Conversion of Alternating Current to flow in only one direction

X-ray tubes can only use Direct Current
Transformer

Device used to produce high voltage

–Must have 2 coils
Windings
- Turns of coils in the Primary Coil and
- the Secondary Coil
- Allows change of voltage, which is the
- primary purpose of the transformer.
Step-up Transformer
- Windings on the Secondary Coil is greater
- than the Primary Coil, the voltage has increased on the Secondary side.
Step-down Transformer
- Windings on the Secondary Coil is less
- than the Primary Coil, the voltage has decreased on the Secondary side.
what is a basic form of matter

solid and liquid
the quantity of matter that makes up any physical object is called

mass
what is located in an orbit around the nucleus of an atom

electron
what has a negative electrical charge

electron
fundamental particles of atoms

neutrons and protons
when a neutral atom gains or loses an electron the atom is said to be

ionized
mechanical energy can be classified as either kinetic energy or

potential energy
x-rays consist of

electromagnetic energy
x-rays with greater energy have a shorter ___ and are more penetrating

wavelength
characteristics of x-rays

they are highly penetrating and invisible

they cause certain crystals to fluoresce

they travel in straight lines at the speed of light
the smallest possible unit of electromagnetic energy is the

photon
the term for a continuous path for the flow of electrical charges from the power source through one or more electrical devices and back to the source is

electrical circuit
the common unit of measure for the potential difference across an x-ray tube is the

ohm
the frequency of alternating current (AC) delivered by electric utilities in the united states and Canada is

60Hz
the purpose of a transformer is to

increase or decrease voltage
which electron shell in the atom is most important for the production of x-rays

K
electrons are held in place around the nucleus of the atom by a

binding energy
when an atom gains or loses an electron it is called an

ion
the process of converting AC to DC is called

rectification
one of the most important elements in radiology that is used to create the x-rays is

tungsten
x-rays cause ionization in the human body this has a negative effect on the body true or false

true
when a step-up transformer increases voltage from the primary side to the secondary side of a transformer amperage is increased true or false

false
if a transformer has 100 turns on the primary side and 25 turns on the secondary side it is a step-down transformer true or false

true
a transformer with a 500:1 ratio would be a step-up transformer true or false

true
x-rays with greater energy have a lower frequency true or false

false
electron orbit shell nearest the nucleus of an atom is

k-shell
name two forms of electromagnetic radiation that have a longer wavelength than diagnostic x-rays
- microwaves
- radiowaves
how does wavelength affect the usefulness of an x-ray beam

the shorter the wavelength the more penetrating the beam
what is the duration of an electrical cycle in the United States and electrical impulse

electrical cycle 1/160 sec

electrical impulse 1/120 sec
what is meant by electromagnetic induction

the process by which an electric current in one circuit influences a current to flow in a second circuit. induction occurs because of movement between the magnetic field surrounding wire in the first current
what is the primary purpose of a transformer

to change voltage
ammeter

measures electrical current
voltmeter

measures electrical potential
transformer

increases or decreases voltage by a fixed amount (AC only)
alternating current

current changes polarity form negative to positive at regular intervals
rectification

process of changing AC to DC
volt

unit to measure potential difference
current

quantity of electrons flowing in a circuit
when a electron is removed from an atom in the human body the process is called

ionization
what is the official name of the type of x-ray energy that occurs in a high-frequency sine wave

electromagnetic
in a sine wave the name given to the distance from one crest of the wave to another crest is called

wavelenght
the unit of electromagnetic frequency is the

hertz
diagnostic x-rays consist of what type of radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum

ionizing
what type of wavelength do x-ray have

very short
what type of frequency do x-rays have

very high
what type of current is delivered to homes in the united states and Canada

alternating
potential difference is the force behind the current in an electrical circuit. this force is measured in

volts or kilovolts

Author

139shay

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rad1 exam chapter 12

Description

rad1 chapter 12

Updated

2014-09-01T23:57:08Z

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