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produced with resonance occuring throughout the entire vocal tract
sonorant consonants
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consonants are produced by these because airflow is obstructed during their articulation
obstruents
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Consonants that occur before a vowel in any syllable are referred to as
prevocalic
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consonants that occur after a vowel are referred to as
postvocalic
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consonants located between two vowels are termed
intervocalic
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because vowels can form the nucleus of a syllable, they are said to be _____
syllabic
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refers to the way in which the airstream is modified as it passes through the vocal tract
Manner of Production
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to determine ___ __ ___ we need to know which speech organs are active in production of that consonant
place of articulation
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Articulators involved: upper and lower lips
bilabial
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articulators involved: lower lip and upper central incisors
labiodental
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articulators involved: tongue apex (or blade) and teeth
dental
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articulators involved: tongue apex (or blade) and alveolar ridge
Alveolar
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articulators involved: blade of tongue and hard palate
palatal
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articulators involved: back of tongue and velum
velar
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articulators involved: vocal folds
glottal
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articulators involved: tongue
lingual
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Stop Consonant: voiceless bilabial stop
/p/ ex: played, appear
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Stop Consonant: voiced bilabial stop
/b/ ex: breeze, rube
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Stop Consonant: voiceless alveolar stop
/t/ ex: taste, stick
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Stop Consonant: voiced alveolar stop
/d/ ex: dunce, address
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Stop Consonant, Allophone of /t/ and /d/ : Alveolar Tap
/ɾ/ ex: whittle, battle, cutie
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Stop Consonant Allophone of /t/ and /d/ : Glottal Stop
/ʔ/ ex: button, mountain, hat, fatten. Li'l bi' of tea
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Stop Consonant: voiceless, velar stop
/k/ ex: cotton, wreck, opaque
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Stop Consonant: voiced, velar stop
/g/ ex: gold, rugged, ghandi
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Nasal consonant: voiced, bilabial nasal
/m/ ex: mark, slam, mend, cramp
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Nasal Consonant: voiced, alveolar nasal
/n/ ex: note, nail, runner
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Nasal Consonant: voiced, velar nasal
/ŋ/ ex: ring, wrangler, being
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Fricatives: voiceless, labiodental fricative
/f/ ex: free, foam, phobia
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Fricatives: voiced, labiodental fricative
/v/ ex: veal, love, calves
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Fricatives: voiceless, interdental fricative
/θ/ ex: thermal, thought, froth
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Fricatives: voiced, interdental fricative
/ð/ ex: though, lathe, feather
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Fricatives: voiceless, alveolar fricative
/s/ ex: sew, centaur, assert
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Fricative: voiced, alveolar fricative
/z/ ex: zenith, azalea, fuzzy
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Fricative: voiceless, palatal (post alveolar) fricative
/ʃ/ ex: shook, sure, mansion
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Fricative: voiced, palatal (post alveolar) fricative
/ʒ/ ex: fusion, casual, profusion
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Fricatives: voiceless. glottal fricative
/h/ ex: hook, whose, helium
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Affricate: voiceless, palatal affricate
/tʃ/ ex: chick, righteous, nature
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Affricate: voiced, palatal affricate
/dʒ/ ex: jelly, adjoin, injure
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Approximant Glides: voiced, palatal glide
/j/ ex: your, young, yellow, feud, cured, onion, yes
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Approximate Glides: voiced, labiovelar glide
/w/ ex: when, weed, quick, twins, quartz
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Approximate Liquids: voiced, palatal liquid
/r/ ex: red, stress, car, revolt, stork
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Approximate Liquids: voiced, alveolar liquid
/l/ ex: lawn, jello, split, mulch, bowl
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