Cardiology Review

  1. Where is the heart located?
    Middle of the thoracic cavity, attached to the thorax via great vessels

    • Apex - Just above diaphragm left of midline
    • Base - ~ 2nd rib
  2. Heart tissue layers
    Endocardium - Inner most layer

    Myocardium - Thick middle layer

    Pericardium - protective sac surrounding the heart.
  3. Pericardium Layers
    Visceral Pericardium(Epicardium) - Inner layer in contact with heart muscle. 

    Parietal pericardium - Outer fibrous layer.
  4. Which heart layer is responsible for contraction and pumping?
    Myocardium
  5. Atria vs. Ventricles
    • Atria: receive blood from the body
    • Ventricles: pump blood to lungs and body
  6. Where do the Tricuspid and Mitral (Bicuspid) valves lie?
    • Tricuspid: between R atrium and R ventricle
    • Mitral: between L atrium and L ventricle
  7. Where do the Semilunar Pulmonary and Aortic valves lie?
    • Pulmonary: from the R ventricle to the pulmonary artery
    • Aortic: from the L ventricle to the Aorta
  8. Describe Blood flow through the heart.
    Superior/Inferior vena cava(deoxygenated blood) ---> R atrium ---> Tricuspid valve ---> R ventricle ---> Pulmonary Valve ---> Pulmonary artery ---> Lungs ---> Pulmonary Vein(oxygenated blood) ---> L atrium ---> Mitral Valve ---> L Ventricle ---> Aortic Valve ---> Aorta ---> Body
  9. What supplies the heart with oxygen?
    Coronary Arteries
  10. Coronary Circulation LCA. It's branches and what does it supply?
    Supply the left ventricle, interventricular septum, parts of the right ventricle and the hears conduction system. 

    Anterior descending artery

    Circumflex artery
  11. Coronary Circulation RCA. It's branches and what does it supply?
    Supplies portion of the right atrium/ventricle and part of the conduction system. 

    • Posterior descending artery
    • Marginal artery
  12. Cardiac Output Formula is...
    CO= SV (stroke volume) x HR (heart rate)
  13. Define Cardiac Output. What's the normal adult CO?
    • CO: amount of blood ejected (pumped) by the ventricles in 1 minute
    • Normal adult CO= 5LPM
  14. Neurotransmitter of the Sympathetic Nervous system and its action.
    • Norepinephrine
    • Increases HR and Cardiac contractile force
  15. Neurotransmitter of the Parasympathetic Nervous System and its actions.
    • Acetylcholine
    • Slows both the HR and atrioventricular conduction.
  16. Define - Chronotropy, Inotropy, Dromotropy
    Chronotropy - Refers to HR

    Inotropy - Strength of cardiac muscular contraction. 

    Dromotropy - The rate of nervous impulse conduction.
  17. List where Alpha1/Beta1,2 receptors are located and their actions.
    Alpha 1 - Located in the peripheral blood vessels. Responsible for vasoconstriction.

    Beta 1 - Primarily in the heart. Increase HR and Contractility. 

    Beta 2- Lungs and Peripheral blood vessels. Brochodilation and peripheral vasodilation.
  18. Define Exitability
    Cells can respond to an electrical stimulus
  19. Define Conductivity
    Cells can propagate the electrical impulse from one cell to another
  20. Define Automaticity
    Ability to spontaneously initiate an electrical impulse
  21. Define Contractility
    The ability to contract
  22. Conductive system's intrinsic rate of self-excitation?
    • SA Node = 60-100 BPM
    • AV Node = 40-60 BPM
    • Purkinje system = 15-40 BPM
  23. Major ions in cardiac function
    Potassium (K) - Influences repolorization. 

    Sodium (Na) - Major role in depolarizing the myocardium

    Calcium (Ca) - Takes part in myocardial depolarization and contraction
  24. Describe the Polarized state of a cell.  What does it appears as on an EKG?
    • Resting state with no electrical activity.  The inside of the cell is negative, outside is positive with uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane.
    • EKG Baseline
  25. Describe the Depolarized cell state.
    Inside of cell is positive, outside of cell is negative.
  26. Absolute Refractory Period
    From the onset of QRS to approximately the peak of T wave.  Cells are depolarized and cannot be stimulated.
  27. Relative Refractory Period
    • "Vulnerable Period" because cells are repolarizing and can be stimulated (if stimulus is strong enough) thus possibly resulting in ventricular chaos.
    • Downslope of T wave.
  28. EKG provides information about...
    conduction disturbances, electrical effects of meds and electrolytes, and ischemic damage and injury.
  29. When depolarization moves toward a positive or toward a negative the waveform deflection appears as...
    • Toward positive electrode= upward
    • Toward negative electrode= inverted (downward)
  30. When electrical activity is not detected on an EKG, what appears?
    A straight line is recorded, called the "baseline" or "isoelectric" line
  31. In the bipolar leads, which is always positive? negative?
    • Positive =  L leg electrode
    • Negative = R arm electrode
  32. Lead axis I is?
    RA (-) ----> LA (+)
  33. Lead axis II is?
    RA (-) -----> LL (+)
  34. Lead axis III is?
    LA (-) ----> LL (+)
  35. EKG paper: Small squares?
    Small square: 1mm x 1mm, 0.04 sec
  36. EKG paper: Large squares?
    Large square: 5mm x 5mm, 0.2 sec
  37. P wave represents...
    atrial depolarization and spread of impulse across the L & R atria
  38. PR Segment
    End of P wave, beginning of QRS complex.  Usually represented by an isoelectric line
  39. PR Interval.  What is the normal range?
    • From the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of QRS Complex.  Reflects the impulse travel time from the SA node through the AV node, Bundle of His, R & L bundles, and into the Purkinje fibers.
    • Normal range= 0.12- 0.20
  40. Q Wave...
    a negative deflection following the P wave. Always appears as a negative waveform.
  41. R Wave...
    First positive deflection following the P Wave or Q wave (if present).  Always appears as a positive waveform.
  42. S Wave...
    Negative waveform that follows the R wave.
  43. R & S waves represent?
    R & S waves represent the depolarization of the L & R ventricles.
  44. QRS Complex.  Normal range?
    • Represents the depolarization of the ventricles and HR.
    • Normal range= 0.04- 0.12
  45. ST segment
    End of the S wave, beginning of the T wave
  46. ST elevation/ depression occurs on EKG if...
    above or below by 1mm of the PR segment
  47. ST depression can indicate? ST elevation?
    • Depression: myocardial ischemia, digoxin, or low K
    • Elevation: myocardial injury, infarction, or pericarditis, or cardiac tamponade.

    3 I's of MI (ischemia, injury, infarction)
  48. T Wave
    represents ventricular repolarization
  49. QT Interval. Normal range?
    • From beginning of Q to the end of the T wave. Represents total ventricular activity.
    • Normal range= 0.33-0.42
  50. Describe cardiac conduction system from start to finish.
    SA ---> Internodal Pathways ---> AV Junction ---> AV Node ---> Bundle of His ---> L/R Bundle Branch --- (R Bundle) ---> apex of the R ventricle ---> Perkinje system --- (L Bundle) ---> Anterior/Posterior fascicles ---> Perkinje System
Author
Lhernandez
ID
282009
Card Set
Cardiology Review
Description
Cardiology
Updated