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Oxygen is more electronegative than Hydrogen, so theelectrons of the covalent bonds spend more time closer to oxygen to hydrogen.
Polar Covalent Bonds
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This unequal sharing of electrons and water's V-like shape make it a ________, meaning that its overall charge is unevenly distributed: the oxygen region of the molecule has a partial negative charge, and each hydrogen has a partial positive charge.
Polar Molecule
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Collectively, the hydrogen bonds hold the substance together, a phenomenon called ______
Cohesion
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_____, the clinging of one substance to another, also plays a role.
Adhesion
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Related to cohesion is ____ ____, a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
Surface Tension
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Anything that moves has ____ ____, the energy of motion.
Kinetic Energy
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____ is a form of energy.
Heat
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_____ is a measure of heat intensity that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules, regardless of volume.
Temperature
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____ __ ____ is the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.
Heat of vaporization
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The ______ ____ occurs because the "hottest" molecules, those with the greatest kinetic energy, are the most likely to leave as gas.
Evaporative cooling
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A liquid tha is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called a ____
Solution
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The dissolving agent of a solution is the ____
Solution
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An ____ ____ is one in which water is the solvent.
Aqueous Solution
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The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion is called a _____ _____.
Hydration Shell
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Any substance that has an affinity for water is said to be _____
Hydrophilic
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Some molecules in cells are so large that they do not dissolve. Instead, they remain suspended in the aqueous liquid of the cell. Such a mixture is an example of a ____, a stable suspension of fine particle in a liquid.
Colloid
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Substances that do not have an affinity for water. Substances that are nonionic and nonpolar (or otherwise cannot form hydrogen bonds) actually seem to repel water; these substances are said to be _______
Hydrophobic
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the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule.
Molecular Mass
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______ - the number of moles of solute per liter of solution-is the unit of concentration most often used by biologists for aqueous solutions.
Molarity
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Occasionally, a hydrogen atom participating in a hydrogen bond between two water molecules shifts from one molecule to the other. When this happens, the hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind, and what is actually transferred is a _____ ___ a single proton with a charge of 1+.
Hydrogen ion (H+)
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The water molecule that lost a proton is now _______ ___ which has a charge of 1-
Hydroxide ion (H3O+)
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The proton binds to the other water molecule, making that molecule a ______ ___
Hydronium ion (H3O+)
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An ____ is a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
Acid
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A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is called a _____.
Base
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The _____ of a solution is defined as the negative log-arithm (base10) of the hydrogen ion concentration :
pH = -log[H+]
for neutral aqueous solution, [H+] is 10-7 M, giving us
-log 10-7 =-(-7) =7
pH
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A _____ is a substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution.
Buffer
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When CO2 dissolves in sweater, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers ocean pH, a process know as ______
Ocean Acidification
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