Chapter 16

Secrete small amounts of saliva

pour their secretion into ducts that empty into the mouth

Three pairs of salivary glands

Siliva is ___ water

The remaining 0.5% of saliva is composed of

activates amylase

initiates breakdown of complex carbohydrates

Keep the saliva slightly acidic

Waste products

Forms mucus to lubricate food

Destroys bacteria, protecting the mucous membrane from infection and the teeth from possible decay

Teeth are also known as ___

They are located in the sockets of alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillae bones

Chewing is also called ___

There are ___ temporary or ___ teeth that form in infants between ___ to ___

By the age of ___, there will develop ___ permanent teeth

The ___ front teeth are also called ___

The ___ canine teeth are used to ___ food

one cusp: ___
two cusps: ___
three cusps: ___

The molar teeth ___ food

Two kinds of molar teeth

The ___ premolars have ___ cusps and are called ___

Some of the ___ molars have ___ cusps but many have ___ cusps and the ___ actually has ___ cups

The alveolar process are covered by the ___ or ___

Anchors the teeth in position and acts as a shock absorber

It is the portion of the teeth above the level of the gums

The hardest substance in the body that protects the tooth from wear and acids

It is a constricted junction between the crown and root

It can consist of one, two or three projections embedded in the socket

Teeth are made of  ___

It is a bone like substance that encloses the pulp cavity in the crown

They are narrow extensions of the pulp cavity into the root

Where blood vessels and nerves enter the tooth and become part of the pulp

The dentin of the root is covered by this substance

It attached the root to the periodontal ligament

It is part of both digestive and respiratory systems

it begins the process of swallowing or deglutition

Other term for swallowing

It moves food from the mouth to the stomach

It is a soft mass of food

the food bolus passes through the laryngopharynx and enters the esophagus in about ___

It is a collapsible muscular tube that is situated behind the trachea or the windpipe

The esophagus is about ___ (___) long

The esophagus begins at the end of ___. It passes through the ___ , pierces the diaphragm through an opening called ____ and ends at the ___

It secretes mucus and transport food into the stomach

movement of solid semisolid food from the mouth to the stomach takes about ___ to ___

movement of liquid from the mouth to the stomach takes about ___

Connects the esophagus to the stomach and controls the passage of food into the stomach

it is an enlargement in the gastrointestinal tract

Four parts of the stomach

It surrounds the gastroephageal sphincter

is a rounded portion above and to the left of the cardia

The large central portion of the stomach

it is a narrow inferior region that connects with the duodenum of the small intestine via the pyloric sphincter

Other term for pylorus

when there is no food, the mucosa lies in large folds called ___

Secreting cells of the gastric glands

Secrete the principal gastric enzyme pepsinogen

Principal gastric enzyme

secrete hydrochloric acid, which activates the pepsinogen to become pepsin

Enzyme that breaks down proteins

secretes mucous that protects the stomach from being digested

The secretions of the gastric glands are referred to as ___

Layers of the stomach

When the stomach is empty af this activity occurs, we experience ___

The stomach empties all its contents into the duodenum of the small intestine approx. ___ after ingestion

The stomach absorbs ___, ___ and ____/____

It is a soft oblong gland

The pancreas is about ___ long and ___ thick

it is found beneath the greater curvature

Divisions of the pancreas

they form the endocrine portion of the pancreas

Alpha cells secrete ____

Beta cells secrete ___

Exocrine glands of the pancreas

Tube where the pancreatic juice leaves the pancreas

unites with the common bile duct and enters the dueodenum in a common duct

Common duct of duodenum and pancreatic duct

one of the largest organs in the digestive system

the liver weighs ___

The right ad left lobes of the liver are separated by the ___

Functional units of the liver

Functions of the liver

They break down fat

Located in a depression of the surface of the liver

The Gallbladder is about ___ long

It stores and concentrates bile

The small intestine is ___ in length and averages ___ in diameter

3 portions of the small intestine

It is the shortest part of the small intestine and is ___ long

Part of the small intestine that is 8 ft long

The jejunum is ___ long

It joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve

Ileum measures ___

Pits of the stomach

Pits of the small intestine

Other term for intestinal glands

They secrete intestinal digestive enzymes

Secrete alkaline mucus

the digested, viscous semifluid contents of the intestine

Approximately ___ of all absorption of nutrients occur in the small intestine

walls of the tract thrown into a series of folds

projections that look like microscopic eye drop bulbs approx 0.5 to 1mm long

Villi are approx ___ long

Structure of villus

further increase the absorptive capability of the small intestine

Functions of the large intestine

The large intestine is about ___ in length and ___ in diameter

The large intestine is also referred to as ___

Four principal regions of the large intestine

Allow materials to pass from the small intestine into the large intestine

A twisted tube attached to the closed end of the cecum about ___ in length

Pouches of the colon

the last part of the colon where it also joins the rectum

The last 7-8 inches of the gastrointestinal tract

THe terminal 1 inch of the rectum

Opening of the anal canal

Vitamins absorbed in the colon

consist of water, inorganic salts and epithelial cells

A normal inhabitant of our intestine that feeds on undigested materials. Bacteria in the feces.

An act of emptying the rectum