-
Secrete small amounts of saliva
Buccal glands
-
pour their secretion into ducts that empty into the mouth
(large) Salivary glands
-
Three pairs of salivary glands
- Parotid gland
- Submandibular or Submaxillary gland
- Sublingual gland
-
Siliva is ___ water
99.5%
-
The remaining 0.5% of saliva is composed of
- Chlorides
- Amylase
- Bicarbonates and phosphates
- Urea and uric acid
- Mucin
- Lysozyme
-
activates amylase
Chloride
-
initiates breakdown of complex carbohydrates
Amylase
-
Keep the saliva slightly acidic
Bicarbonate and Phospate
-
Waste products
Urea and uric acid
-
Forms mucus to lubricate food
Mucin
-
Destroys bacteria, protecting the mucous membrane from infection and the teeth from possible decay
Lysozyme
-
Teeth are also known as ___
Dentes
-
They are located in the sockets of alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillae bones
Teeth
-
Chewing is also called ___
Mastication
-
There are ___ temporary or ___ teeth that form in infants between ___ to ___
- 20
- deciduous
- 6 months
- 2 years
-
By the age of ___, there will develop ___ permanent teeth
-
The ___ front teeth are also called ___
-
The ___ canine teeth are used to ___ food
-
one cusp: ___
two cusps: ___
three cusps: ___
-
The molar teeth ___ food
grind
-
-
The ___ premolars have ___ cusps and are called ___
-
Some of the ___ molars have ___ cusps but many have ___ cusps and the ___ actually has ___ cups
- 12
- 3
- 4
- maxillary first molar
- 5
-
The alveolar process are covered by the ___ or ___
-
Anchors the teeth in position and acts as a shock absorber
Periodontal ligament
-
It is the portion of the teeth above the level of the gums
Crown
-
The hardest substance in the body that protects the tooth from wear and acids
Enamel
-
It is a constricted junction between the crown and root
cervix or neck
-
It can consist of one, two or three projections embedded in the socket
Root
-
Teeth are made of ___
dentin
-
It is a bone like substance that encloses the pulp cavity in the crown
Dentin
-
They are narrow extensions of the pulp cavity into the root
root canal
-
Where blood vessels and nerves enter the tooth and become part of the pulp
Apical foramen
-
The dentin of the root is covered by this substance
Cementum
-
It attached the root to the periodontal ligament
Cementum
-
It is part of both digestive and respiratory systems
pharynx
-
it begins the process of swallowing or deglutition
pharynx
-
Other term for swallowing
deglutition
-
It moves food from the mouth to the stomach
Swallowing or deglutition
-
It is a soft mass of food
bolus
-
the food bolus passes through the laryngopharynx and enters the esophagus in about ___
1 second
-
It is a collapsible muscular tube that is situated behind the trachea or the windpipe
Esophagus
-
The esophagus is about ___ (___) long
-
The esophagus begins at the end of ___. It passes through the ___ , pierces the diaphragm through an opening called ____ and ends at the ___
- laryngopharynx
- mediastinum
- esophageal hiatus
- superior portion of the stomach
-
It secretes mucus and transport food into the stomach
Esophagus
-
movement of solid semisolid food from the mouth to the stomach takes about ___ to ___
4 to 8 seconds
-
movement of liquid from the mouth to the stomach takes about ___
1 second
-
Connects the esophagus to the stomach and controls the passage of food into the stomach
Lower esophageal or gastroesophageal sphincter
-
it is an enlargement in the gastrointestinal tract
stomach
-
Four parts of the stomach
- Cardia
- Fundus
- Body
- Pylorus or Antrum
-
It surrounds the gastroephageal sphincter
cardia
-
is a rounded portion above and to the left of the cardia
Fundus
-
The large central portion of the stomach
body
-
it is a narrow inferior region that connects with the duodenum of the small intestine via the pyloric sphincter
pylorus or antrum
-
Other term for pylorus
antrum
-
when there is no food, the mucosa lies in large folds called ___
rugae
-
Secreting cells of the gastric glands
- Zymogenic or chief cells
- Parietal cells
- Mucous Cells
-
Secrete the principal gastric enzyme pepsinogen
zymogenic
-
Principal gastric enzyme
pepsinogen
-
secrete hydrochloric acid, which activates the pepsinogen to become pepsin
Parietal cells
-
Enzyme that breaks down proteins
pepsin
-
secretes mucous that protects the stomach from being digested
Mucous cells
-
The secretions of the gastric glands are referred to as ___
Gastric juice
-
Layers of the stomach
- inner oblique
- middle circular
- outer longitudinal
-
When the stomach is empty af this activity occurs, we experience ___
growling
-
The stomach empties all its contents into the duodenum of the small intestine approx. ___ after ingestion
2-6 hrs
-
The stomach absorbs ___, ___ and ____/____
-
It is a soft oblong gland
Pancreas
-
The pancreas is about ___ long and ___ thick
-
it is found beneath the greater curvature
pancreas
-
Divisions of the pancreas
- Head (part closest to the duodenum)
- Body (the main part)
- Tail
-
they form the endocrine portion of the pancreas
Islets of Langerhans or Pancreatic Islets
-
Alpha cells secrete ____
glucagon
-
Beta cells secrete ___
insulin
-
Exocrine glands of the pancreas
Acini
-
Tube where the pancreatic juice leaves the pancreas
- Pancreatic duct
- Duct of Wirsung
-
unites with the common bile duct and enters the dueodenum in a common duct
Pancreatic duct or Duct of Wirsung
-
Common duct of duodenum and pancreatic duct
- Ampulla of Vater (before)
- Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (now)
-
one of the largest organs in the digestive system
liver
-
the liver weighs ___
4 pounds
-
The right ad left lobes of the liver are separated by the ___
Falciform ligament
-
Functional units of the liver
Lobules
-
Functions of the liver
- Manufactures heparin, prothrombin, thrombin
- Kupffer cells of the liver phagocytose certain bacteria and old, worn-out blood cells
- Liver contains various enzymes that either breakdown poisons or transform them into less harmful substances
- Excessive newly absorbed nutrients are collected in the liver
- The liver store glycogen, copper, and iron, as well as vittamins A,D,E,K
- The liver produces bile salts
-
They break down fat
Bile salts
-
Located in a depression of the surface of the liver
Gallbladder
-
The Gallbladder is about ___ long
3 to 4 inches
-
It stores and concentrates bile
Gallbladder
-
The small intestine is ___ in length and averages ___ in diameter
-
3 portions of the small intestine
-
It is the shortest part of the small intestine and is ___ long
-
Part of the small intestine that is 8 ft long
Jejenum
-
The jejunum is ___ long
8 feet
-
It joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve
Ileum
-
Ileum measures ___
12 feet
-
Pits of the stomach
Gastric glands
-
Pits of the small intestine
intestinal glands or crypts of Lieberkuhn
-
Other term for intestinal glands
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
-
They secrete intestinal digestive enzymes
intestinal glands or crypts of Lieberkuhn
-
Secrete alkaline mucus
Brunner's glands or Duodenal glands
-
the digested, viscous semifluid contents of the intestine
Chyme
-
Approximately ___ of all absorption of nutrients occur in the small intestine
80%
-
walls of the tract thrown into a series of folds
plicae
-
projections that look like microscopic eye drop bulbs approx 0.5 to 1mm long
Villi
-
Villi are approx ___ long
0.5mm to 1mm
-
Structure of villus
- Capillary network (where blood picks up nutrients)
- Venule (transport the nutrients)
- Arteriole
- Lacteal (pick up fats)
-
further increase the absorptive capability of the small intestine
Microvilli
-
Functions of the large intestine
- absorption of water
- manufacturing and absorption of certain vitamins
- formation and expulsion of feces
-
The large intestine is about ___ in length and ___ in diameter
-
The large intestine is also referred to as ___
bowel
-
Four principal regions of the large intestine
- Cecum (first part of the large intestine)
- Colon (the largest part)
- rectum
- anal canal
-
Allow materials to pass from the small intestine into the large intestine
Ileocecal valve
-
A twisted tube attached to the closed end of the cecum about ___ in length
- vermiform appendix
- 3 inches
-
Pouches of the colon
Haustre
-
the last part of the colon where it also joins the rectum
Sigmoid colon
-
The last 7-8 inches of the gastrointestinal tract
rectum
-
THe terminal 1 inch of the rectum
Anal canal
-
Opening of the anal canal
anus
-
Vitamins absorbed in the colon
-
consist of water, inorganic salts and epithelial cells
Feces
-
A normal inhabitant of our intestine that feeds on undigested materials. Bacteria in the feces.
Escherichia coli
-
An act of emptying the rectum
Defecation
|
|