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Study of mental processes and behavior
Psychology
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Psychology's roots
- Aristotle (384- 322 BCE)
- Rationalize
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1st psychology experiments
- Wilhelm Wundt and his students attempt to study the "atoms of the mind"
- Leipzig, Germany 1879
- How long for subjects to press a button after a ball drops
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William James
- American philosopher
- Wrote the highly influential Principles of Psychology in 1890
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Mary Calkins
- William James' student
- 1st female president of the APA
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Margaret Floyd Washburn
- Animal behaviorist
- 1st female psychology PhD (from Cornell)
- 2nd female APA president
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German philosopher and physiologist
Wilhelm Wundt
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English naturalist
Charles Darwin
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Russian physiologist
Ivan Pavlov
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Austrian physician
Sigmund Freud
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Swiss biologist and studied children
Jean Piaget
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American philosopher
William James
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He emphasized the importance of unconscious sexual conflicts
Sigmund Freud (Freudian psychology)
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You can observe, behaviors, but not thoughts or feelings
- Behaviorism
- John B. Watson
- B.F Skinner
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The Cognitive Revolution
- 1960's
- Back to studying mental processes (how the mind perceives, processes, and remembers information)
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Psychology today
We define psychology as the science of behavior and mental processes
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Explore the links between brain and mind
Biological
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Study changing abilities from the womb to tomb
Developmental
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Study how we perceive, think and solve problems
Cognitive
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Investigate our persistent traits
Personality
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Study and advise on behavior in the work place
Industrial- organizational
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Help people cope personal and career challenges by recognizing their strengths and resources
Counseling
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Asses and treat mental, emotional and behavior disorders (therapy)(cant prescribe medication)
Clinical
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Explore how we view and affect one another
Social
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Four main perspectives
- Biological
- Cognitive
- Behavioral
- Sociocultural
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How our physiology produces our behaviors and mental processes
Biological
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Mental processes affect our behavior
Cognitive
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External environment affects behavior
Behavioral
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Others and our culture affects behavior
Sociocultural
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We operate with a two-track mind called
Dual processing
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Unconsciously primed people with positive and negative attitudes
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Collecting data, analyzing data and drawing conclusions about the results
Empirical methods
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We think we can predict events that we never really could have
Hindsight bias
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The scientific attitude is composed of
- Curiosity (passion for exploration)
- Skepticism (doubting and questioning; asking for additional evidence)
- Humility (ability to accept responsibility when wrong)
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An explanation that organizes and predicts behavior or events
Theory
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Testable, specific prediction, often prompted by a theory
Hypothesis
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Types of research
- Descriptive
- Correlational
- Experimental
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A measure of the extent to which two events vary together, and thus how well either predicts the other
Correlation
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What does correlation express
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Correlation does not mean
Causation
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Researchers vary one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable)
Experiment
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What do experiments isolate
Causes and their effects
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How should participants be assigned to control and experimental groups
Randomly
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Exposed to the treatment (one version of the IV)
Experimental group
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Contrasts the experimental group, serves as comparison to the effects of the treatment
Control group
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An inactive substance in place of the experimental treatment; control groups may be given this
Placebo
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Expectations about treatment effects can translate to real effects
Placebo effect
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Descriptive statistics
- Frequency distribution (table of results)
- Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode)
- Measures of variability (range, standard deviation)
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Allows researchers to draw conclusion about their studies
Inferential statistics
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Why study psychology
- Because our intuitions are sometimes wrong
- We need to subject our questions/ ideas to empirical/ scientific explanation
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