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Major functions of trigylcerides
- Energy Storage
- Insulation
- Protection
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Saturated fatty acid
single covalent bonds between C atoms
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Unsaturated Fatty Acids
one or more double covalent bonds between C atoms
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Role of phospholipid molecule
important in cellular structure
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_____ is the basis for all steroids formed in the body
steroids
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What is the role of cholesterol in the body
important in cell membranes, and the synthesis of vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts
-
an important example of eicosanoids are
prostaglandins
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6 Major functions of membrane proteins
- transport
- receptors
- attachment sites for structure
- enzymatic activity
- Intercellular joining
- Cell-Cell recognition
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3 types of cell junctions
- Tight junctions
- desmosomes
- gap junctions
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what is a tight junction?
impermeable junctions prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space between neighbouring cells
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What is a desmosome?
- Anchoring junctions bind adjacent cells together like a molecular "velcro" and help form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers
- found between neighbouring cells
- maintains the integrity of the sheet of cells via linker proteins (cadherins)
- ex. the epidermis is connected by desmosomes
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What is a gap junction?
- channels formed by proteins (formed by connexons) to make a connecting tunnel
- communicating junctions that allow ions and small molecules to pass for intercellular communication
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In the plasma membrane, cells are surrounded by an Extracullar fluid called ____________
interstitial fluid
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Two ways that substances cross a membrane
passive and active processes
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In the ways which substances cross the membrane, which requires ATP?
Active Process
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Two major types of passive transport
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3 types of diffusion
- simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion (carrier-mediated & channel mediated)
- osmosis
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speed of diffusion is influenced by?
Molecule size and temperature
-
if a substance is lipid-soluble, it will diffuse ______________ through the lipid bilayer of a membrane
passively
-
if a substance is lipid-insoluble, it can be transported ______________ across a membrane by a membrane protein:
a)
b)
- passively
- a) carrier proteins
- b) channel proteins
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two types of channel proteins
- 1) leakage channels - always open
- 2) gated channels - controlled primarily by chemical and electrical signals
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define osmosis
diffusion of water across a membrane via water channel proteins called aquaporins or though the lipid bilayer itself.
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osmolarity:
measure of the total concentration of solute particles in a solution
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isotonic solution
solution with the same non-penetrting solute concentration as the cytosol
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hypertonic solution
solution with a higher non-pentrating solute concentration than the cytosol
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hypotonic solution
solution with a lower non-pentrating solute concentration than the cytosol
-
a hypertonic solution will cause a RBC to?
shrink
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A hypotonic solution will cause a RBC to?
swell
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Two types of active processes (not to be confused)
- active transport
- Vesicular Transport
-
Both active processes have this in common
require ATP
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Active transport requires ATP and _________ __________ to move solutes ______ their concentration gradient
-
Two types of active transport
- Primary Active Transport
- Secondary Transport
-
Contrast primary and secondary transport
- primary - ATP directly from ATP hydrolysis
- secondary - energy indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport
-
Sodium-potassium pump characteristics
- pumps 3 Na+ outward for every 2 K+ transported inward
- hydrolyzes ATP
-
Secondary Active transport involves _______, note is does not require ______
- cotransport ( two solutes at the same time)
- ATP
-
This type of transport transports large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across the membrane sacs; it requires cellular energy
Vesicular transport
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types of vesicular transport
- endocytosis
- exocytosis
- -phagocytosis
- -pinocytosis
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Phagocytosis
The process when a cell engulf a large particle by forming projecting pseudopods around it an enclosing it with a membrane sac called a phagosome
-
cells that can phagocytize cells
- macrophages
- some white blood cells
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Pinocytosis
plasma membrane invaginates, bringing the solutes inside the cell
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Pinocytosis can occur with which types of cells?
All cell types
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Functions of exocytosis
- hormone secretion
- neurotransmitter release
- mucus secretion
- ejection of wastes
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Exocytosis is accomplished by forming a _________ vesicle
- secretory
- The V snare (vesicle) docks onto the T snare (membrane)
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The range of resting membrane potential between different cells
-50 mV to -100 mV
-
how is the resting membrane potential produced
by the seperation of oppositely charged ions by a plasma membrane
-
In a membrane when the concentration of differently charged ions occur between inside and outside the cell
the process of a cell becoming "polarized"
-
Potassium channels which form a resting membrane potential are known as ________ channels
LEAKAGE channels
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When the cell is polarized it is _________ on the outside of the cell and _________ on the inside of the cell
- positive (outside)
- negative (inside)
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Cell environment interactions always involves
- Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
- plasma membrane receptors
- voltage-gated channel proteins
-
Some roles of plasma membrane receptors in cell-environment interactions
- contact signaling
- chemical signaling
-
What are ligands
- signaling molecules
- (neurotransmitters, hormones, paracrines)
-
Contrast hormones and paracrines
- hormones- long distance signaling molecule
- paracrines - short distance signalling molecules
-
catalytic receptor proteins after ligand binding become activated ____________
enzymes
-
G-protein linked receptor activates the _________
G-protein
-
In a cascade sequence of cellular messaging the ligand represents the _____________
1st messenger
-
define cytosol
water with solutes
-
The cytoplasm is composed of
cytosol and organelles
-
3 non-membranous organelles
- cytoskeleton
- centrioles
- ribosomes
-
neurones and cardiac muscles cells and skeletal muscle cells are usually found in which cell cycle phase?
Go
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mitosis vs cytokinesis
- Mitosis: division of the nucleus
- Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm
-
define cell differentiation
- cells become different from each other because of genetic controls, resulting in specialized cells to perform specialized functions
- occurs during embryonic growth
-
during embryological development, more cells than needed are produced; the cells which are not needed are eliminated later by this process
apoptosis
-
in areas of the body with higher stress you would expect to see these types of junctions
desmosomes
-
the main function of DNA is to dictate _______ synthesis
protein
-
DNA is doubled in which phase?
G1
G2
S
I
S
-
Define tissue
a group of similar cells in structure that performs a common or related function
-
4 major families of tissues
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous Tissue
-
plural for epithelium
epithelia
-
Tissue functions of epithelia
- protection
- absorption
- filtration
- excrection
- secretion
- sensory reception
-
functions of simple epithelia
- absoprtion
- secretion
- filtration
-
2 types of avascular tissue
- cartilage
- epithelial tissue
-
3 types of cartilage
- hyaline catilage
- fibrocartliage
- elastic cartilage
-
the most abundant type of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
-
Functions of Hyaline Cartliage
- supports and reinforces
- serves as a resilient cushion
- resists compressive stress
-
The locations of hyaline cartilage
- covers the end of long bones****
- forms costal cartilage of the ribs
- cartilage of the nose
- trachea
- larynx
-
function of elastic cartliage
maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great felxability
-
location of the elastic cartilage
- external ear (pinna)
- epiglottis
-
Function of fibroocartilage
tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock
-
location of fibrocartilage
- interverterbal discs
- pubic symphysis
- discs of the knee joint
-
What is the strongest type of cartilage
fibrocartilage
-
bone is called ______ tissue
osseous
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_________ produce the matrix
while, _________ maintain the matrix
-
ECM has ________ that make the bones hard and rigid
calcium salts
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Lacunae
hollow holes in bone tissue where osteocytes lie
-
descibe blood
red and white blood cells in plasma
-
the function of blood
transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
-
The ECM of blood is known as?
plasma
-
3 types of muscle tissue
- skeletal muscle tissue
- cardiac muscle tissue
- smooth muscle tissue
-
Describe skeletal muscle
- long
- cylindrical
- multinucleate cells
- obvious striations
-
describe cardiac muscle tissue
- branching
- striated
- generally uninucleate cells
-
describe smooth muscle
- spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei
- no striations
-
type of epithelial best suited for diffusion
simple squamous
-
touch sensors in the epidermis are known as
tactile sensors
-
critical functions of the sebum
- prevent harmful bacterial exposure
- skin softening
- prevents the skin from drying out
-
4 classifications of bones
- long bones
- short bones (sesamoid included)
- flat bones
- irregular bones
-
7 Functions of bones
- support
- protection
- movement
- mineral and growth factor storage
- blood cell formation: hematopoiesis
- triglyceride storage
- hormone production
-
2 types of bone tissuse
- compact bone (dense outer layer on all bones)
- spongy bone: consisted of interconnected bone tissue connected through "trabeculae" located deep to they outer layer
-
define spongy bone
consisted of interconnected bone tissue connected through "trabeculae" located deep to they outer layer
-
_____ bones and well as _____ bones and _____ bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone
-
label the diagram of a long bone***
-
the shaft of a long bone is correctly called?
the diaphysis
-
The ends of a long bone are called?
both ends are called the epiphyses; singular = epiphysis
-
each epiphysis in a long bone is covered by _____ cartilage
articular (hyaline)
-
aside from the articular cartilage, the rest of the long bone is covered by the __________
periosteum (thin layer of dense connective tissue)
-
Most of the interior diaphysis of a long bone is occupied by?
medullary cavity (yellow bone marrow, mostly adipose tissue)
-
The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a layer of ___________
endosteum
-
the epiphysis has a region of compact bone tissue, separating two layers of spongy bone; this is called the?
epiphyseal line (the remnant of the epiphyseal plate), where cell division takes place to lengthen the bone
-
red bone marrow is found?
What is the function?
- in the spaces of spongy bones
- red blood cell production
-
In adults, where is bone marrow found? In what type of bone?
Adult long bones have red marrow typically located only in the head of the femur and the head of the humerus
-
Types of bone cells
- Osteogenic cell
- osteoblast
- osteocyte
- osteoclast
-
Osteogenic cell function
- mitotically active stem cells located in the periosteoum and endosteum
- when stimulated, differentiate into osteoblasts
-
Osteoblast function
- produced ECM
- bone growth/formation
- secrete unmineralized bone matrix (osteoid)
-
function of osteocyte
- located in lacuna
- monitors and maintain the mineralized bone matrix
-
function of osteoclast
- bone-resobing cell
- located in the periosteum and endosteum
- multinucleate cells that can secrete enzymes that destroy bone matrix
-
compact bone tissue consists of structural units called ______ or _________ _________. Each osteon consists of concentric hollow bone tubes of bone matrix called ______
- osteons
- haversian system
- lamellae
-
the cell type that secretes the osteoid in bone tissue?
osteoblasts
-
Hematopoietic tissue is located primarily within
epiphysis of the long bone
-
define anatomy
study of structure of the body
-
define physiology
study of function of the body
-
Name the levels of structural organization (smallest to biggest)
- Chemical level
- Cellular Level
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organismal Level
-
Describe the Integumentary System
forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain pressure, etc.), receptors and sweat and oil glands.
-
describe the skeletal system
protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles to cause movement. Blood cells are formed with bones. Bones store minerals.
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