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Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) function
- 1. As an ANTIOXIDANT: acts as electron DONOR to add electron to RADICAL to create stable molecule
- ie- aids in REGULATION of hydrogen peroxide: creates H2O2 from superoxide
- 2. Can also donate electrons to CREATE RADICALS
- 3. Co-FACTOR for synthesis of: collagen, carnatine, epinephrine
- co-factor for neurotransmitter enzyme by hydroxylating tyrosines
- co-factor for collagen by helping modify prolines to proline hydroxylase
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Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) properties
- Fat soluble: stays in fat
- WATER soluble: large amts will be excreted to urine
- CANNOT be deficient in Vit C
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Ascorbic acid RDA
- Men: 75mg/day
- women: 90mg/day
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Collagen protein synthesis needs…
- Vitamin C: turns PROLINE into —> proline HYDROXYLASE
- this allows the BINDING of collagen to each other
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Superoxide dismutase role
- ANTIOXIDANT: 1. Enzyme that PREVENTS superoxide formation
- 2. Allows for fast production of H202 and O2 from 02- superoxides
- This H202 then is allowed to enter the cell
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Hydrogen peroxide role
Aids in REGULATION of signal transduction pathways
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What cells are the most radicals produced?
- Neutrophils (and macrophages): that’s how they KILL things
- Therefore they need the most antioxidants (ie; Vit. C)
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Worst radical!
- Hydroxyl radical
- Form when H202 and O2 react with —> O2-
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Main purposes of GLUCOSE..why is it needed??
- 1. Forms triglycerides, which are the component of the phospholipids that are needed in membranes
- 2. Needed for DNA synthesis
- 3. Needed for NERVE cells
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Arachidonic acid
- Omega-6 polyUNsat fatty acid
- makes prostaglandins
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Diet deficiencies and epigenetic results
Radical production, lack of Ca, lack of antioxidants, lack of H202: cause DEFICIENCIES of HYPERMETHYLATION…which lead to EPIGENETIC effects/changes
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Heart disease (atherosclerosis) cause
- HYPERTROPHY response: due to cells normal response to ENHANCE the response of blood vessels
- Lack of VIt. C enhances this atherosclerosis
- Plaque formation: this is also seen in BABIES, thereby suggesting epigenetic effects
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Carbon’s role in H202 Regulation
- Carbon can DONATE electrons to superoxide radicals, thereby reducing the amount of H202 produced
- TOO MUCH carbon can cause harm when H202 is NEEDED
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role of ENZYME for radicals
they make sure the proper ELECTRON acceptor or donor is close to the SUBSTRATE to allow for the RXN to occur
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FLUIDITY definition
- Amt of MOVEMENT between a membrane: Based on the amount of saturated fatty acids
- HIGH amt of UNSATURATED = HIGH movement thru membrane
- LOTS of SAT. FAs = TIGHTLY fit together, LESS movement
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Cholesterol role in membranes
GENERATE Saturated Fatty acids for the membrane
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Causes of Leaky membranes (example with mitochondrial membrane)
- Mit Membranes have more UNSAT fat vs. SAT fat: More leaky
- with exercise, HEAT generates: More leaky
- RESULT is DECREASED efficiency and therefore an INCREASE in substrate METABOLISM
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