cardiovascular system flashcards.txt

• Fibrous-Strong and dense
• Visceral-
• Parietal-

23)Describe why the left ventricle is more muscular than the rt ventricle?

Because it pumps blood to the whole body

24)Demonstrate flow of blood from Superior Vena Cava to Aorta, indicating every chamber, valve and accessory structure?

25) Define cardiac cycle:

The period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next

26)Difference between systole and diastole?

• Systole-contraction(heart emptying)
• Diastole-relaxing(heart filling)

• 1)Cardiac Rest-All 4 chambers are relaxed and ventricles are partially filled with blood
• 2)Atrial Systole- Atria contract, completely filling the ventricles with blood
• 3)Atrial Diastole-Atrial Systole stops, and atrial diastole begins
• 4)Ventricular Systole 1st phase-Isoventricular contraction; pushes av valves closed but doesn’t create enough pressure to open semilunar valves
• 5) Ventricular Systole 2nd phase-Ventricular ejection, rises and exceeds pressure in arteries, the semilunar valves open and blood is forced out of ventricles.
• 6) Ventricular Diastole-early as ventricles relax pressure drops. Blood flows back against cusps of semilunar valves and forces them closed.
• 7) Isovolumetric relaxation-blood flows into relaxed atria but AV closed
• 8) Ventricular diastole(late)- all chambers are relaxed

Describe what causes the heart sounds?

• 2)Dupp(s2)-semilunar valve
• 3)(s3)-blood flowing into ventricles
• 4)(s4) atrial contraction

Distribute impulses over the entire heart

• 1.SA Node-Pacemaker of heart
• 2.AV Node-Relay and Delay
• 3. AV(Bundle of HIS)-receive impulse from AV Node
• 4.Bundle Branches-Rapid Venticular Ejection
• 5.Purkinje Fibers-

List the two functions of the AV Node

2.delivers the stimulus to the AV bundle

Describe why its important for the AV node to “delay” the electrical impulses to the ventricles?

• ”
• It’s a pathway for signals from the SA Node to AV Node that passes thru the walls of the atria

Define “Cardiac Output”?

Amount of blood ejected by left ventricle each minute

Define “Stroke Volume”?

Amount of blood pumped per beat

Define ”heart rate”?

Speed of heartbeat measured by numbers of heartbeats per unit of time

Define “Electrocardiogram”?

A recording of heartbeat

What does each wave represent, and what is the effect of each wave on the cardiac cycle?

• Result: atrial contraction
• QRS- Depolarization of ventricles
• Result: depolarization of interventricular septum
• T-Repolarization of Ventricle
• PQR interval-Delay and Relay of AV Nodes
• Delay- AV node causes delay so atrial don’t contract same time
• Relay-Time electrical impulse takes to travel from SA node thru AV node and enters the ventricles.
• QRST interval-Time needed for ventricles to depolarize and repolarize

• ”
• Slow positive increase in voltage across cell membrane that occurs at end of action potential

• ”
• Bradycardia-slow sounds of heart(60 beats)
• Tachycardia-fast sounds of heart(100 or more)

Describe how neurotransmitters or hormones alters the Pacemaker Potential?

Action Potential

Differentiate the effect of the PNS and the SNS on cardiac output.

SNS-Norephine increases

• Differentiate the function of the “Cardio Inhibitory reflex to the “Cardio accelerator reflex
• ”

Turbulence-increases resistance and slows blood flow

Define Mean Arterial pressure(MAP)

Average pressure in arteries during one cardiac cycle

Define Pressure gradient?

Difference in pressure from one end of vessel to another

Define Capilllary hydrostatic pressure?

BP within capillary beds, driving force for filtration

Define “Blood colloid osmotic pressure”?

Measurement of the pressure exerted by the proteins

Define Net filtration pressure(NFP)

Is the force responsible for moving fluid across capillary walls

Describe the effect of Hemorrhaging, dehydration, and change in BP on NFP?

• Hemorrhaging-both blood volume and bp decline
• Dehydration-plasma decreases due to h2o loss

Define Precapillary sphincter?

Define Vasomotor?

Describe vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Vasoconstriction is narrowing of blood vessels and vasodilation is widening of blood vessels

Describe how vasodilation or vasoconstriction of afferent or efferent precapillary sphincter would change the loss of fluid from capillaries

Differentiate between the “pulmonary Circuit” and the “Systematic Circuit”?

• Pulmonary Circuit- the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
• Systematic Circuit-the blood vessels that carry the functional blood supply to and from all body tissues

• Differentiate between Arteries, Veins, Capillaries?
• Arteries-blood carried away from the heart
• Veins-blood carried to the heart
• Capillaries-allows for an exchange of nutrients dissolved gases or wastes

What chamber send/receive the systematic circuit?

• Arteries-carry blood away from heart
• Arterioles-smallest arterial branches
• Capillaries-diffusion between blood and fluid and fluid
• venules-
• Veins-return blood to heart

Why are arteries referred to as “resistance vessels” and veins referred as “capacitance vessels”?

• Veins-Capacitance(thin walled and back to the heart
• List 5 ways veins and arteries differ?

• Veins-have valves, thinner walls, carry to the heart, capacitance vessels
• Show the flow of blood thru the pulmonary circuit?
• Blood from atrium, to rt ventricle to enters pulmonary trunk to left and rt pulm arteries, palm arterioles,alveolar capillaries, venules, to pulmonary veins

BP=CO*TPR(Blood pressure=cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

CO=SV*HR(Cardiac output=Stroke Volume* Heart Rate

• R=8nl/pie R4
• R=resistance,n=viscosity, L=length of vessels, r=radius of arterioles

SV=EDV-ESV Stroke Volume=End Diastolic volume-end systolic volume

Ficks Law-DK*CG*SA/MW*membrane thickness