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The flashcards below were created by user
shotguniall
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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What reasons are there for an increasing population?
- *industrial revolution
- *agricultural volition
- *medical advances
- *hygiene advances
- *improved transport (therefor trade)
- *education improvements
- *social provisions (such as benefits)
- *political factors
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What are vital rates?
A number of different factors which affect population growth
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What are crude rates?
They are measurements of vital statistics in a general population (overall change in births and deaths per 1000)
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What are refined rates?
They are how changes in vital statistics in a specific demographic are measured (such as age, sex, race etc)
Example is the adult literacy rate
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What is death rate?
The number of deaths per 1000 people in a year
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What is birth rate?
The number of live births per 1000 per year
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What is infant mortality rate?
The number of deaths of infants under the age of one per 1000 live births a year
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What is natural increase?
- When there are more people in a population being born than are dying.
- Measured by birth rate minus death rate
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What is fertility rate?
The number of live births in an area/country per 1000 women of child bearing age, in a year
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What is the total fertility rate?
The average number of children a woman is expected to bear in her lifetime
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What is population density?
Number of people who live in a given area, usually km2
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Which continent has the highest population?
Asia
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What is natural change?
The difference between birth rate and death rate. It tells you by hoe many the population will be growing per 1000 per year
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What is natural change?
The difference between birth rate and death rate. It tells you how many the population will be growing per 1000 per year.
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What is population change the outcome of?
Natural change and migration change
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How many people have died as a result of AIDS?
More than 20 million
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What are pessimistic views on population growth called?
Neo-Malthusian views
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Why did Malthus believe population growth was a bad thing?
- Strained services, infrastructure, sewage systems and transport networks
- Malthus believed population growth lead to poverty and famine
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What are anti-natalist policies?
Schemes installed to drive population rates down
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What are pro-natalist policies?
Schemes installed to drive population rates up
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Why did Warren Thompson invent the DMT?
To show how population and economic development are all linked and that changes in one will bring around changes in the other
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What factors affect birth rate? (list 6)
- Religion
- War
- Emancipation of women
- Economic climate
- Pro-natalist/Anti-natalist policies
- Population of a country
- Fertility rate
- Average marriage age
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What factors affect death rate? (list 6)
- Disease
- War
- Famine
- Drought
- Sanitation levels
- Access to healthcare
- Natural disasters
- Access to clean drinking water
- Standard of living e.g. housing
- Age of population
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What factors affect fertility
- Use of birth control (voluntary or forced)
- Diet
- Pro/Anti natalist policies
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Define: Crude birth rate
The total number of births in a single year per 1000 of the population. This doesn’t include the age and sex structure of a population.
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Define: modernisation
A change in economic organisation
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Define: Westernisation
Primary force for change, includes secularisation, mass education and increased environmental control
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Why are fertility levels falling?
- Influenced by the ideas transmitted via the internet, television or radio
- Influenced by those around them
- Religion holds specific ideas about family life
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What percentage of the total fertility rate over 7.0 does Islam makes up?
90%
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What was Ester Boserup's pro-population theory?
- OPTIMISTIC
- Population growth was a pre-requisite for economic growth
- People are intelligent and as demand for food/resources grows we will find new ways to supply it
- New/better technology is invented whenever needed. If old resources run out, new ones will be invented
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What are the strengths of the DMT? (list 4)
- Allows planning for potential growth
- Easy to understand
- Shows transitions between stages
- Can be used to easily compare rates of growth between countries
- Can estimate population structure
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What are the limitations of the DMT? (list 4)
- Doesn't take into account natural disasters, war, famine
- Not all countries follow the model forwardly, some regress back stages
- Doesn't take migration into account
- Doesn't predict when transition between stages will occur
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What does the dependency ratio do?
Shows the relationship between the economically active and the dependant population which can show its level of development
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What happens to the reproduction rate of a country as it becomes richer and more urbanised?
Reproduction levels dwindle
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Why do migrants struggle to assimilate with the local population?
Different culture, religion, form of dress which both sides can't/won't come to terms with
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What incentives are put into place to encourage the birth rate to go up?
- Extended maternity leave
- paternity leave
- child benefit
- earlier retirement age
- free education
- free childcare
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what are the limitations to Malthus' growth model?
- too simplistic to be applied on a large scale
- technology has revolutionised agriculture so it doesn't increase arithmetically
- not an even spread of resources over the world
- presumes food supply is constant
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What are the limitations to Boserup's growth model?
- Suggests there is a closed community when there may not be
- Difficult to prove/test - makes it unreliable to use
- Overpopulation will increase land degradation
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What is the Club of Rome?
- Group of scientists, economists, industrialists that concluded that if population continues to grow as it is, and levels of food production remain the same then we will reach a population limit within 100 years.
- The result of this population limit will be a dramatic drop in population
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What are the economic costs of migration on the origin country? (2)
- Loss of young labour force
- Loss of skilled professionals
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What are the economic costs of migration on the host country? (4)
- Need to educate migrant families
- Over-dependence of migrant labour in industry
- Money is not spent in country but is sent back to origin country
- Resources strained
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What are the economic benefits of migration on the origin country? (4)
- Reduced underemployment
- Returning migrants bring new skills
- Money is sent back to country from host country
- Less pressure on resources
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What are the economic benefit of migration on the host country? (3)
- Less desirable jobs are filled
- Skilled labour at reduced cost
- Money spent in country supports economy
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What are the social costs of migration on the origin country? (3)
- Negative effect on population structure, can increase dependency ratio
- Disproportionate male to female ratio
- Returning retired migrants impose social cost
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What are the social costs of migration on the host country? (5)
- Dominance of males is reinforced
- Less chance for women in country to get jobs
- Culture lost
- Communities may become segregated and discriminated
- Schools taken up by migrant children
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What are the social benefits of migration on the origin country? (2)
- Population density reduced
- Greater acceptance of culture
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What are the social benefits of migration on the host country? (3)
- Creation of cultural society
- Increased understanding of other cultures
- Influx of different industries and businesses
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What are the negative consequences of expanding rural areas? (5)
- Local people and newcomers views conflict
- Rural identity lost
- Increased pollution
- Increased traffic
- Increased risk of crime
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What are the positive consequences of expanding rural areas? (3)
- New businesses invest in area
- Better transport links (trains, buses)
- Increased infrastructure such as street lighting
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