|
Home > Preview
The flashcards below were created by user
Mingming
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
-
exerts chemical control over the human body by maintaining the body's internal environment
endocrine system
-
it sends directions via chemical signals to the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
-
The pituitary gland is also referred to as the ___
master gland
-
chemical signals
hormones
-
stimulates other endocrine glands to secrete their hormones
pituitary gland
-
these are ductless glands that secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
-
their secretions are transported directly to an organ or the body surface
exocrine glands
-
helps to control the concentrations of a number of hormones in our bodies
negative feedback loop
-
3 chemical categories of hormones
- modified amino acids
- protein hormones
- steroid hormones
-
Hormones that are modified amino acids
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- oxytocin
- vasopressin
-
Examples of protein hormones
- insulin
- gonad-stimulating hormone
- growth hormone
-
Examples of steroid hormones
- cortisol
- testosterone
- estrogen
-
they bind to membrane bound receptor sites on the cells of target organs
- modified amino acids
- protein hormones
-
diffuse across the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptor molecules
steroid hormones
-
they can diffuse across the lining of the stomach and intestine and get to the circulatory system
steroid hormones
-
They can be taken orally
steroid hormones
-
they must be injected in the body to treat illnesses
- modified amino acids
- protein hormone
-
they cannot diffuse across intestinal lining because they are not soluble to lipids
steroid hormones
-
it is the inferior part of the diencephalon
hypothalamus
-
it controls the secretion of the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
-
it extends from the floor of the hypothalamus connecting it to the pituitary gland
infundibulum
-
it send neural and chemical signals to the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
-
chemical signals that either stimulate or inhibit the release of particular hormone from the pituitary glans
neurosecretions
-
kinds of neurosecretions
- releasing hormones
- releasing inhibitory hormones
-
The endocrine glands include:
- Pituitary gland
- Pineal gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid glands
- thymus gland
- adrenal glands
- islets of Langerhans
- ovaries
- testes
-
the pituitary gland is also called ___
Hypophysis
-
it is a small gland about the size of pea
pituitary gland
-
the pituitary glands affect these endocrine glands
- ovary
- testes
- adrenal cortex
- thyroid gland
-
it is situated in a depression of the sphenoid bone below the hypothalamus
pituitary gland
-
this produces 7 hormones
anterior pituitary lobe
-
is stimulates cell metabolism in most tissues of the body, causing cells to divide and increase in size
growth hormone
-
this happens when a young person suffers from too little GH
pituitary dwarfism
-
he is the famous pituitary dwarf
Charles Stratton
-
Charles Stratton was also known as ___, who was emploed by ___ in his circus. He died at the age of ___ and was ___ tall
- Tom Thumb
- P.T. Barnum
- 45
- less than 1 meter
-
This occurs when there's too much GH during childhood
gigantism
-
This results from the excess secretion of GH after childhood
acromegaly
-
it is influenced by nutrition, genetics and sex hormones during puberty
growth
-
it stimulates the thyroid gland to produce its hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone
-
it stimulates the anterior pituitary lobe to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone
thyrotropin-releasing horone
-
it stimulates the adrenal cortex to stimulate its hormone
andrenocorticotropic hormone
-
hormone of the adrenal cortex
cortisol
-
it regulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone
corticotropin-releasing hormone
-
it helps reduce inflammation as well as stimulation the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormone
-
it increases the production of melanin in melanocytes
melanocyte-stimulations hormone
-
it stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries
follicle-stimulating hormone
-
it stimulates the production of sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
follicle-stimulating hormone
-
it stimulates the ovulation in the female ovary and production of progesterone
Luteinizing hormone
-
it helps maintain pregnancy
Luteinizing hormone
-
it is the female sex hormone
progesterone
-
it stimulates the synthesis of testosterone to maintain sperm production
Luteinizing hormone
-
Lactogenic hormone is also known as ___
prolactin
-
it stimulates the milk production in mammary glands
Lactogenic hormone
-
it maintains the progesterone levels following the ovulation and during the pregnancy in women
Lactogenic hormone
-
it increases males' sensitivity to luteinizing hormone and may cause a decrease in male sex hormones
Lactogenic Hormone
-
The 7 hormones of the anterior pituitary lobe
- Growth hormone
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
- Follicle-stimulating hormone
- Luteinizing hormone
- Lactogenic hormone
-
it consists primarily of nerve fibers and neuroglial cells that support nerve fibers
Posterior pituitary lobe
-
it is primarily glandular epithelial cells
Anterior pituitary lobe
-
**note**
special neurons --> hormones --> pituitary stalk --> posterior lobe --> secretory granules
-
Antidiuretic hormone is also known as ___
vasopressin
-
it maintains the body's water balance by promoting increased water re-absorption in the nephrons of the kidney
antidiuretic hormone
-
a condition resulting from the deficiency of antidiuretic hormone
diabetes insipidus
-
Individuals with diabetes insipidus produce ___ liters of urine daily
20-30
-
it regulates the secretion of the antidiuretic hormone
osmoreceptors
-
it detects changes in the osmotic pressure of the body
osmoreceptors
-
it stimulates the contraction of smooth muscles in the wall of the uterus
oxytocin
-
is causes the contraction of cells in the mammary glands causing milk ejection
oxytocin
-
-
Hormones of the posterior pituitary lobe
- Antidiuretic hormone
- Oxytocin
-
it consists of two lobes connected by isthmus
thyroid gland
-
it is a small band that connects the lobes of the thyroid gland
isthmus
-
it is highly vascular, large endocrine gland covered with a capsule of connective tissue
thyroid gland
-
These make up the thyroid gland
follicles
-
simple cuboidal epithelium that produces and secretes the thyroid hormones
follicles
-
The thyroid gland requires ___ to function
iodine
-
this forms when there is an inadequate amount of iodine intake
goiter
-
hormones of the thyroid gland
- thyroixine
- triiodothyronine
- calcitonin
-
thyroxine is also known as ___
tetraiodothyronine
-
it contains four iodine atoms
tetraiodothyronine
-
it contains three iodine atoms
triiodothyronine
-
it is the lack or low level of thyroid hormones
hypothyroidism
-
a child with this condition is mentally retarded and does not grow a normal stature
cretinism
-
it is the too much secretion of thyroid hormones
hyperthyroidism
-
it is often associated with an enlarged thyroid gland or goiter and the bulging of the eyeballs
Grave's disease
-
this hormone lowers the calcium and phosphate ion concentration
calcitonin
-
these are glands about the size of raisins that are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
-
these are secreting cells that consists of the parathyroid glands
-
hormone of the parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormone or parathormone
-
it inhibits the activity of osteoblasts and causes osteoclasts to break down bone matrix tissue, thus releasing calcium and phosphate to the blood
parathormone
-
it raises blood calcium to normal levels
parathormone
-
**note**
- calcitonin lowers the calcium and phosphate ion concentration in the blood
- parathormone raises blood calcium to normal levels
-
it increases the absorption of calcium by the intestines
Vitamin D
-
it is necessary for the first stage of vitamin D synthesis
Ultraviolet light
-
it can be caused by a tumor in the parathyroid gland
hyperparathyroidism
-
This results in:
bones becoming soft and deformed, cause muscles to be less excitable , may result to kidney stones
Hyperparathyroidism
-
this can be caused by the surgical removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
hypoparathyroidism
-
it reduces osteoclast activity and reduces vitamin D formation
hypoparathyroidism
-
adrenal glands are also known as ___
suprarenal glands
-
they are small glands found on top of each kidney
adrenal glands
-
inner part of adrenal gland
adrenal medulla
-
outer part of adrenal gland
adrenal cortex
-
the adrenal medulla produces large amounts of ___ or ___ and small amounts of ___
- adrenaline
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
-
it makes up the bulk of the adrenal gland
adrenal cortex
-
-
the outer layer secretes
- mineralocorticoid hormones
- aldosterone
-
they regulate the concentration of mineral electrolytes
mineralocorticoid hormones
-
it regulates the sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys
aldosterone
-
it is secreted by the middle layer of the adrenal cortex
cortisol
-
cortisol is also known as ___
hydrocortisone
-
synthesizes glucose, breaks down fats, breaks down proteins
cortisol
-
helps reduce the inflammatory response
cortisol
-
given as treatment for arthritis
cortisone
-
discovered how to synthetically produce cortisone
Dr. Percy Julian
-
hormone produced by the inner adrenal cortex
androgens
-
male sex hormones
androgens
-
these stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics
androgens
-
these stimulate the female sex drive
androgens
-
bronzing of the skin
Addison's disease
-
a condition when the adrenal cortex fails to produce enough hormones
Addison's disease
-
a condition caused by too much secretion from the adrenal cortex
Cushing's syndrome
-
puffy skin, obesity, moon shaped face, skin atrophy, mestrual problems
Cushing's syndrome
-
produce pancreatic juice
acini
-
produce hormones insulin an glucagon
islets of Langerhans
-
it is flattened, eloganted and is found behind the stomach
pancreas
-
Pancreatic islets/ islets of Langerhans:
-
secrete hormone glucagon
Alpha cells
-
Secrete hormone insulin
beta cells
-
promotes glucose in the blood to be transformed in the liver into glycogen
insulin
-
it stimulates the liver to convert the stored glycogen into glucose
glucagon
-
when glucose concentration gets low during exercise or in between meals
hypoglycemia
-
lowering of blood pH
acidosis
-
produces sperm as an exocrine gland and produces male sex hormones as endocrine glands
testes
-
prnicipal male sex hormones
testosterone
-
it is responsible for the development of male reproductive structures
testosterones
-
promote the development of female reproductive structures
-
it is a bilobed mass of tissue found in the mediatinum
thymus gland
-
the thymus gland secretes this hormone
thymosin
-
it causes the production of T lymphocytes
thymosin
-
these cells protect the body against foreign microorganisms
T lymphocytes
-
it is a pinecone-shaped structure found between the cerebral hemispheres
pineal gland
-
these hormones are produced by the pineal gland
-
it is secreted directly into the cerebrospinal fluid
melatonin
-
it inhibits the secretion of melatonin
bright light
-
it inhibits the function of the reproductive organs
melatonin
-
it regulates circadian rhythms
melatonin
-
affects our sleep-wake patterns
melatonin
-
it stimulates the smooth muscle contraction and inhibits gastric secretions
serotonin
|
|
Get the free mobile app
Take the Quiz
Learn more
Learn more