Chapter 12

exerts chemical control over the human body by maintaining the body's internal environment

it sends directions via chemical signals to the pituitary gland

The pituitary gland is also referred to as the ___

chemical signals

stimulates other endocrine glands to secrete their hormones

these are ductless glands that secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream

their secretions are transported directly to an organ or the body surface

helps to control the concentrations of a number of hormones in our bodies

3 chemical categories of hormones

Hormones that are modified amino acids

Examples of protein hormones

Examples of steroid hormones

they bind to membrane bound receptor sites on the cells of target organs

diffuse across the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptor molecules

they can diffuse across the lining of the stomach and intestine and get to the circulatory system

They can be taken orally

they must be injected in the body to treat illnesses

they cannot diffuse across intestinal lining because they are not soluble to lipids

it is the inferior part of the diencephalon

it controls the secretion of the pituitary gland

it extends from the floor of the hypothalamus connecting it to the pituitary gland

it send neural and chemical signals to the pituitary gland

chemical signals that either stimulate or inhibit the release of particular hormone from the pituitary glans

kinds of neurosecretions

The endocrine glands include:

the pituitary gland is also called ___

it is a small gland about the size of pea

the pituitary glands affect these endocrine glands

it is situated in a depression of the sphenoid bone below the hypothalamus

this produces 7 hormones

is stimulates cell metabolism in most tissues of the body, causing cells to divide and increase in size

this happens when a young person suffers from too little GH

he is the famous pituitary dwarf

Charles Stratton was also known as ___, who was emploed by ___ in his circus. He died at the age of ___ and was ___ tall

This occurs when there's too much GH during childhood

This results from the excess secretion of GH after childhood

it is influenced by nutrition, genetics and sex hormones during puberty

it stimulates the thyroid gland to produce its hormone

it stimulates the anterior pituitary lobe to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone

it stimulates the adrenal cortex to stimulate its hormone

hormone of the adrenal cortex

it regulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone

it helps reduce inflammation as well as stimulation the adrenal cortex

it increases the production of melanin in melanocytes

it stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries

it stimulates the production of sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

it stimulates the ovulation in the female ovary and production of progesterone

it helps maintain pregnancy

it is the female sex hormone

it stimulates the synthesis of testosterone to maintain sperm production

Lactogenic hormone is also known as ___

it stimulates the milk production in mammary glands

it maintains the progesterone levels following the ovulation and during the pregnancy in women

it increases males' sensitivity to luteinizing hormone and may cause a decrease in male sex hormones

The 7 hormones of the anterior pituitary lobe

it consists primarily of nerve fibers and neuroglial cells that support nerve fibers

it is primarily glandular epithelial cells

**note**

Antidiuretic hormone is also known as ___

it maintains the body's water balance by promoting increased water re-absorption in the nephrons of the kidney

a condition resulting from the deficiency of antidiuretic hormone

Individuals with diabetes insipidus produce ___ liters of urine daily

it regulates the secretion of the antidiuretic hormone

it detects changes in the osmotic pressure of the body

it stimulates the contraction of smooth muscles in the wall of the uterus

is causes the contraction of cells in the mammary glands causing milk ejection

milk ejection

Hormones of the posterior pituitary lobe

it consists of two lobes connected by isthmus

it is a small band that connects the lobes of the thyroid gland

it is highly vascular, large endocrine gland covered with a capsule of connective tissue

These make up the thyroid gland

simple cuboidal epithelium that produces and secretes the thyroid hormones

The thyroid gland requires ___ to function

this forms when there is an inadequate amount of iodine intake

hormones of the thyroid gland

thyroxine is also known as ___

it contains four iodine atoms

it contains three iodine atoms

it is the lack or low level of thyroid hormones

a child with this condition is mentally retarded and does not grow a normal stature

it is the too much secretion of thyroid hormones

it is often associated with an enlarged thyroid gland or goiter and the bulging of the eyeballs

this hormone lowers the calcium and phosphate ion concentration

these are glands about the size of raisins that are embedded in  the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

these are secreting cells that consists of the parathyroid glands

hormone of the parathyroid gland

it inhibits the activity of osteoblasts and causes osteoclasts to break down bone matrix tissue, thus releasing calcium and phosphate to the blood

it raises blood calcium to normal levels

**note**

it increases the absorption of calcium by the intestines

it is necessary for the first stage of vitamin D synthesis

it can be caused by a tumor in the parathyroid gland

This results in:
bones becoming soft and deformed, cause muscles to be less excitable , may result to kidney stones

this can be caused by the surgical removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands

it reduces osteoclast activity and reduces vitamin D formation

adrenal glands are also known as ___

they are small glands found on top of each kidney

inner part of adrenal gland

outer part of adrenal gland

the adrenal medulla produces large amounts of ___ or ___ and small amounts of ___

it makes up the bulk of the adrenal gland

Layers of adrenal cortex

the outer layer secretes

they regulate the concentration of mineral electrolytes

it regulates the sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys

it is secreted by the middle layer of the adrenal cortex

cortisol is also known as ___

synthesizes glucose, breaks down fats, breaks down proteins

helps reduce the inflammatory response

given as treatment for arthritis

discovered how to synthetically produce cortisone

hormone produced by the inner adrenal cortex

male sex hormones

these stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics

these stimulate the female sex drive

bronzing of the skin

a condition when the  adrenal cortex fails to produce enough hormones

a condition caused by too much secretion from the adrenal cortex

puffy skin, obesity, moon shaped face, skin atrophy, mestrual problems

produce pancreatic juice

produce hormones insulin an glucagon

it is flattened, eloganted and is found behind the stomach

Pancreatic islets/ islets of Langerhans:

secrete hormone glucagon

Secrete hormone insulin

promotes glucose in the blood to be transformed in the liver into glycogen

it stimulates the liver to convert the stored glycogen into glucose

when glucose concentration gets low during exercise or in between meals

lowering of blood pH

produces sperm as an exocrine gland and produces male sex hormones as endocrine glands

prnicipal male sex hormones

it is responsible for the development of male reproductive structures

promote the development of female reproductive structures

it is a bilobed mass of tissue found in the mediatinum

the thymus gland secretes this hormone

it causes the production of T lymphocytes

these cells protect the body against foreign microorganisms

it is a pinecone-shaped structure found between the cerebral hemispheres

these hormones are produced by the pineal gland

it is secreted directly into the cerebrospinal fluid

it inhibits the secretion of melatonin

it inhibits the function of the reproductive organs

it regulates circadian rhythms

affects our sleep-wake patterns

it stimulates the smooth muscle contraction and inhibits gastric secretions