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what are the 4 processes of life
- growth
- reproduction
- responsiveness
- metabolism
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what is the increase in size
growth
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what is an increase in number
reproduction
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controlled chemical reactions of organisms
metabolism
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membrane bound structure capable of using the 4 main functions of life
cellular structure
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does growth occur in viruses
no viruses to do not change in size
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do viruses reproduce
host cells replicate the virus
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do viruses have responsivness
reaction to host cells seen in some viruses
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do viruses have cell structure
viruses lack the cytoplasmic membrane or cell structure
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which organisms use all the factors of life
bacteria, eukaryote, and archae, but viruses do not
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why is the smallest bacterium mycoplasma still alive even though it cannot move?
Mobility is not one of the main characteristics of life.
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what two types are included in prokaryotes
bacteria and archae
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describe the structure of a prokaryote (bacteria or archae)
- no nucleus
- lack various membrane bound internal structures
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what are included in eukaryotes
algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants
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what is the structure of a eukaryote
- have nucleus
- have organelles
- have more complex structure
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what is a gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of a cell composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both
glycocalyx
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what are the two types of glycocalyx
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composed of organized repeating units of organic chemicals, firmly attached to cell surface, and also may protect bacteria from being recognized by the host
capsule
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loosely attached to cell surface, water soluble, sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces as biofilms
slime layer
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these are responsible for movement, have long structures that extend beyond the cells surface, but they are not present in all bacteria
flagella
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this is the structure of a certain motility, composed of filament, hook and basal body.
basal body anchors the hook and filament to cell body
flagella
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sticky bristle like projections, used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to substances in the environment.
they are shorter than flagella
serve as an important function in biofilms
fimbriae and pili
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special type of fimriae
also known as conjugation
longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella
bacteria typically have one or two per cell
transfer DNA
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why is a pilus a type of fimbriae but flagellum is not
its used to adhere not to move
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what are the two basic types of cell walls
- Gram Positive
- Gram Negative
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What are bacterial cell walls composed of
peptidoglycan
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which cell walls have a thicker layer of peptidoglycan?
Gram positive
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cell walls that contain polyalcohols called teichoic acid
Gram pos
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cell walls that are purple after a gram staining
gram pos
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cell walls that have a presence of 60% myocolic acid in acid fast bacteria helps cells survive desiccation are which type
gram pos
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which cell walls appear pink after a gram stain
Gram neg
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cell walls the have a thin layer of peptidoglycan are
gram neg
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a bilayer membrane outside the peptidoglycan contains phospholipids, protiens, LPS of what type of cell wall
gram neg
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LPS portion can cause fever vasodilation, imflamation, shock and blod clotting and may impede the treatment of disease which portion?
lipid A
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