Tissues and Membranes (Chap. 6)

Forms large continuous sheets.

Helps form the skin and covers the entire outer surface of the body.

Lining for internal organs.

• Protection/barrier (sun, water)
• Filtration (O₂/CO₂)
• Absorption (intestines)
• Secretion (sweat, mucus glands)

• Forms continuous sheets (ex. fish scales)
• Has two surfaces, 1)unattached and 2) attached.
• Avascular; has NO blood supply of its own
• Depends on blood supply of underlying connective tissue for nurishment
• Able to regenerate or repair itself quickly
• Classified according to cell shape and layers

• Squamos epithelium; cells are thin and flat like fish scales
• Cuboidal epithelium; cells are cube-like and look like dice
• Columnar epithelium; cells are tall and narrow and look like columns

• Simple epithelium; One layer of cells
• Stratified epithelium; Two or more layers of cells

Because they are so thin, they're concerned primarily with movement or transport of various substances across the membranes from one body compartment to another.

A single layer of squamous cells with an underlying basement of membrane. 

Found where substances move by rapid diffusion or filtration.

Rests against basement membrane

Often found in glands & Kidney tubules

Functions in the transport and secretion of various substances

Rests on basement membrane

Tall tightly packed cells line entire stomach (digestive tract) 

Goblet cells-modified columnar cells

"falsely stratified", appear multilayered

Facilitate absorption and secretion

• Multilayered (2-20 layers)
• Stronger than simple epithelium
• Protection function
• Found in tissue exposed to everyday wear and tear (ex. mouth, esophagus, skin)

Stratified Squamous=most widespread epithelial tissue

• Found primarily in organs that stretch (bladder)
• Cells slide past one another when tissue stretched
• Appear stratified when unstretched, simple when stretched

• Secretion
• Much is composed of simple cuboidal epithelium
• Exocrine glands
• Endocrine glands

Have ducts, tiny tubes, into which the exocrine secretions are released

Secretions include: mucus, sweat, saliva, and digestive enzymes

• Secrete hormones directly into blood, such as insulin
• Ductless glands

• The most abundant of tissues
• Widely distributed throughout body
• Binds together the parts of the body
• Supports, protects, fat storage, and transport of substances

• Good blood supply (except ligaments, tendons, and cartilage)
• Abundance of intercellular matrix (may be liquid, gel-like/hard that fills btwn cells)

• found in connective tissue
• secrete matrix that is characteristic of that matrix
•     ex. Fibroblasts (cells found in dense fibrous cells); Chondroblasts (found in cartilage)

• 1. Loose connective tissue; Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
• 2. Dense fibrous; Tendons, ligaments, cartilage, Bone tissue
• 3. Liquid tissue; Blood (plasma) and lymph

• Contains fibers that are loosely arranged around cells.
• Areolar tissue; made up of collagen and elastin fibers, "Tissue glue", most widely distributed connective tissue
• Adipose tissue; fat, composed of adipocytes (cells that store fat)
• Reticular tissue; (fine collagen) loose fibers

• Composed of fibroblasts and intercellular matrix, containing Collagen and Elastic Fibers
• Tendons; cordlike structures that attach muscles to bones
• Ligaments; cross joints and attach bone to bone. Ability to stretch easily.
• Fascia; sheets of tissue that covers, supports and anchors organs to nearby structures

• Formed by chondroblasts that eventually  mature into chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
• Three types of cartilage
• Hyaline; found in the larynx, end of long bones at joints, the nose, and area between breastbone and ribs
• Elastic
• Fibrocartilage

• AKA Osseous tissue
• formed by Osteocytes (bone cells)-hard intercellular matrix: collagen, calcium salts, and other minerals.
• Protects organs and supports weight of the body
• Storage site for mineral salts (calcium)

• Watery intercellular matrix
• Blood=plasma
• Lymphatic vessels=lymph

• Makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• Two types of cells: Neurons and Neuroglia
• Neurons; transmit electrical signals, has dendrites, cell body, and axons
• Neuroglia; supports and takes care of neurons, ability to bind and form vast network of neurons

• Cells that shorten or contract thereby causing movement.
• Fibers not cells b/c they are long and slender
• Three types: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

• Regeneration; replacement of tissue by cells that undergo mitosis (Skin)
• Fibrosis; formation of scar tissue

• Thin sheets of tissue that cover surfaces, line body cavities, and surround organs.
• Epithelial and Connective tissue

• Cutaneous Membrane; the skin
• Mucous Membrane; epithelial membranes that line all body cavities that open to the exterior of the body, secrete mucus (mouth, eyes, anus)
• Serous Membranes; epithelial membranes that line the ventral body cavities which are not open to the exterior of the body.

• Parietal layer; lines the wall of the cavity
• Visceral layer; covers the outside of an organ
• Three serous membranes: Pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

• synovial membranes
• perisoteum
• perichondrium
• meninges
• fascia

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