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the 2nd leading complication in pregnancy
diabetes
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results from destruction of insulin-producing cells of pancreas
type 1 diabetes
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due to body's inability to use insulin normally or produce enough insulin
type 2 diabetes
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CHO intolerance with 1st onset during pregnancy (24-28th weeks)
gestational diabetes
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condition in which the glucose level is elevated during pregnancy
gestational diabetes
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not caused by a lack of insulin, but by blocking effects of placental hormones on insulin, resulting in an insulin resistance
gestational diabetes
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women who develop gestational diabetes appear to be?
predisposed to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
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gestational diabetes is associated with?
increased levels of blood glucose, triglycerides, fatty acids and blood pressure
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consequences of GD?
elevated glucose from mom reaches fetus resulting in increased insulin production
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what does increased insulin lead to?
increased glucose uptake and triglyceride formation in fetus
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fetal changes may increase likelihood of complications later in life such as?
- insulin resistance
- type 2 diabetes
- high blood pressure
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GD has lifelong effects on?
mother and baby
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results of glucose screening?
if any of the numbers are elevated, then you have gestational diabetes
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treatment for GD?
- normalize blood glucose
- insulin injections if blood glucose cant be normalized
- medical nutrition therapy
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glucose comes from?
carbs you eat and muscles (glycogen) and glycogen from liver
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what breaks down glycogen at night?
liver
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what most women with GD test every day?
- test blood glucose four times per day
- *may have to test at bed time or in the middle of the night
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target blood glucose levels before breakfast? 1 hour after starting a meal?
- 60-95m mg/dL
- less than 130
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amount of ketones during pregnancy?
want ZERO ketone production during pregnancy
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acids made from breaking down fat that can cross the placenta
ketones
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ketones are produced during pregnancy due to ?
- not enough calories
- too long between meals
- not enough insulin
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food, activity and stress as well as diabetes medications affect?
blood glucose levels
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what raises blood glucose?
carbs, psychological stress, physical stress, illness
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what lowers blood glucose?
physical activity, insulin, diabetes pills
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increases insulin production and makes cells more responsive to insulin
glyburide
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diet plan for GD?
- no simple sugars, candy or soda
- can only have whole fruits
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for a person with GD, their morning carbs can be no more than?
30g
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meals/snack a day for a person with diabetes?
three regular meals, 2-4 snacks
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prevention of GD?
- reduce excessive weight
- increase physical activity
- decrease insulin resistance prior to pregnancy
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