-
The process of reabsorbing water is regulated by
antidiuretic hormone
-
Waste products that contain nitrogen are produced by
cells as they metabolize ________ (proteins/lipids/carbohydrates).
proteins
-
Urea is produced by the ________ from ammonia and
________.
liver, carbon dioxide
-
The mechanism of countercurrent
exchange predominantly is used by the ________.
loop of Henle
-
Urine is moved through the ureter to the bladder by
muscular contractions known as ________.
peristalsis
-
Each kidney is made up of a million ________, the
functional unit of a kidney
nephrons
-
) The glomerulus (capillary network) of each nephron
is enclosed by a portion of the nephron known as ________.
Bowman’s capsule
-
Nutrients, water, and ions
reabsorbed by the proximal and distal tubules enter the ________ capillaries.
peritubular
-
Sodium is moved out of tubular cells by ________.
active transport
-
ADH ________ the permeability of the cells of the
collecting duct to water.
increases
-
Tubular reabsorption occurs when most of the fluid and
solutes move back into the ________.
peritubular capillaries
-
Blood volume is controlled through a negative
feedback mechanism that involves several intermediate molecules; ________ not
only stimulates the release of aldosterone but also causes vasoconstriction.
angiotensin II
-
The steroid hormone ________ regulates the
reabsorption of sodium across the collecting duct and distal tubule.
aldosterone
-
Three organs in the human body are involved in the
production of vitamin D; they are the ________, ________, and ________.
skin, liver, kidneys
-
Chloride ions move by ________ , following transport
of sodium out of tubular cells.
passive diffusion
-
Important components of food that are needed by the
body for reproduction, growth, and good health are ________.
nutrients
-
Mucosal cells of the stomach secrete ________ , which binds to vitamin B12 so that it can be better absorbed in the small
intestine.
intrinsic factor
-
Region of the small intestine that is NOT associated
with absorption of nutrients is called ________.
duodenum
-
Brush border” refers to ________ found on the surface
of the epithelial cells of the small intestine.
microvilli
-
Lipids are not soluble in
water, therefore they must be ________ before they can be digested.
emulsified
-
The digestion of proteins,
lipids, and carbohydrates is completed in the ________.
small intestine
-
The small, fingerlike structure that extends from the
cecum is the ________; this organ has no known digestive function
appendix
-
Bacteria residing in the large intestine release
________, which is absorbed by the human host and used for the process of blood
clotting
vitamin K
-
Gastrin is a hormone secreted by the ________.
stomach
-
Natural sugars such as those from fruit and honey
are classified as ________ (simple/complex).
simple
-
Fats that are liquids at room temperature are ________
(saturated/unsaturated).
unsaturated
-
The amount of energy needed by the body to perform
essential functions such as breathing is the
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
-
Maintenance of muscle tone in the walls of the blood
vessels is an example of ________ muscle contractions
involuntary
-
Since contraction of the hamstrings causes the knee to
bend and contraction of the quadricep causes the knee to extend, these muscles
are said to be ________.
antagonistic
-
Fascicles of a muscle are enclosed in ________ which
converge to form the ________ that attach the muscle to a bone
fasciae, tendons
-
The portion of a myofibril from one Z-line to the next is a
________.
sarcomere
-
The region where a skeletal muscle
cell and a motor neuron come into close proximity to one another is the
________.
neuromuscular junction
-
The neurotransmitter, ________, has an excitatory
effect on skeletal muscle, causing it to contract
acetylcholine
-
The electrical impulse generated by a muscle cell
membrane is transmitted to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by ________.
T (transverse) tubules
-
In the
absence of calcium, myosin cannot contact actin because of the presence of the
________ covering the myosin binding site of actin.
troponin-tropomyosin complex
-
The most common reason that muscle fatigues is the
lack of enough ________ to meet the metabolic demands placed on the muscle
ATP
-
The ability to maintain an upright position is due to
________ (isotonic/isometric) muscle contractions
isometric
-
As the rate of stimulation of motor units of a muscle
increases, muscle force increases. This process is known as ________.
summation
-
The mechanical force that is generated when a muscle
contracts is known as ________.
muscle tension
-
According to the ________ principle, a muscle cell
will contract completely when stimulated by a motor neuron
all-or-none
-
The
swinging of a tennis racket is a brief, high-intensity activity that requires the
contraction of ________ fibers.
fast-twitch
-
Cells in cardiac muscle that determine the rate of
contraction are ________ cells.
pacemaker
-
Stem cells in red bone marrow give rise to ________
and ________ cells
red, white
-
) Ligaments attach ________ to bone.
bone
-
The end of a long bone is known as the ________.
epiphysis
-
________ forms the embryonic structures that later become
bone.
Hylaine cartilage
-
Trabeculae are located in ________ bone.
spongy
-
outer surface of a bone is covered with a tough
connective tissue called the ________.
periosteum
-
The process by which the cartilage of fetal bones is
gradually replaced with bone tissue is
________.
ossification
-
Cells that produce cartilage are ________.
chondroblasts
-
The region of a long bone where cartilage is produced
as a model for lengthening bone is the ________.
: growth plate
-
When bones undergo repair, the process begins with the
formation of a blood clot known as
hematoma
-
The blood calcium level is regulated by two hormones:
________ causes an increase in blood calcium, while ________ causes a decrease
in blood calcium
parathyroid hormone, calcitonin
-
The coccyx is classified as a ________ structure
because it no longer has a function
vestigial
-
Vertebrae of the spinal cord are separated from each
other by compressible, flat structures called ________.
-
Immovable joints such as those found between bones of
the skull are ________ joints.
fibrous
-
The coxal bones of the pelvic girdle meet in front at
the ________, where they are joined by cartilage
pubic symphysis
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