Semen

What are the four fractions of Semen and its corresponding concentration in normal semen?

Where is the seminiferous tubules located?

Precursor of Spermatozoa

they provide support and nutrients for the germ cells as they undergo spermatogenesis

where the sperm develops the flagella

storage of sperm before ejaculation

meeting place of the sperm and seminal fluid

this fluid contains a high concentration of fructose that comprises most of the semen

source of energy of the sperm to move the flagella

located below the bladder that surrounds the upper urethra and aids in propelling the sperm through the urethra by contractions during ejaculation

comprise the acidic portion of the semen

chemicals present in the prostate fluid that is responsible for both the coagulation and liquefaction of the semen

produces the thick alkaline mucus of the semen

When is the best time to collect sperm sample

what is the effect of prolonged abstinence in sperm collection?

intervals between collection of sperm sample following a 3-sample test

storage temp of sperm sample

Semen Analysis Parameters

this type of test may be useful to screen the sperm for WBC

Red coloration of sperm may be due to

yellow coloration of sperm may be cause by

urine affects the sperm motility
true or false

a fresh semen specimen is clotted and should liquefy within

what may be added to the semen if it does not liquefy after 2 hours?

Decreased volume after proper collection may be indicative of

consistency of the fluid and may be related to specimen liquefaction

normal semen is
acidic or alkaline?

Equation for Total Sperm Count

Process of immobilizing the sperm for specimen count

Diluting fluid for Sperm analysis

stain that may be used to aid sperm count in using bright field microscopy

immature sperm and wbc are termed as

amount of leukocytes counted that is associated with infertility

presence of >1 million spermatids/mL indicates

manner of reporting sperm concentration

recommended the Neubauer chamber count for Sperm count

amount of semen used for assessing motility

no. of fields evaluated for sperm motility

the presence of a high percentage of immobile sperm and clumps of sperm automatically indicate infertility
True or False

4 parts of the sperm that is evaluated in morphology

describe a normal sperm head

describe the length of sperm tail

poor ovum penetration may be due to

abnormalities of these affect the motility of sperm

part of sperm that is critical to ovum penetration located at the tip of the head

approx size of the acrosomal cap

Thickest part of the sperm tail

surrounds the midpiece that produces the energy required by the tail for motility

best stain for Sperm

how long are air dried slides stable?

number of sperm that should be identified

method of sperm analysis wherein addt'l parameters are done

Equation for counting round cells in Sperm analysis

it is suspected when a specimen has a normal sperm concentration with markedly decreased motility

what stain is mixed with semen to evaluate viability?

in Sperm viability test, which of the sperm (alive or dead) is infiltrated by the dye?

Normal viability of sperm requires ?% living cells

test used to detect presence of fructose in sperm

normal quantitative level of fructose

how is quantitative measurement of sperm fructose done?

what can be done to preserve the fructose content of sperm?

presence of these antibodies is suspected when clumps of sperm are observed during routine semen analysis

2 tests to detect presence of antibody-coated sperm

a screening procedure used primarily to detect the presence of IgG abs in semen

a more specific procedure in that it can be used to detect the presence of IgG, IgM, and IgA Abs and demonstrates what area of the sperm the autoAbs are affecting

type of beads used in immunobead test

3 microbes most commonly suspected affecting sperm composition

chemicals present in semen that is usually  tested

decreased neutral alpha-glucosidase suggests a disorder of the

Decreased zinc, citrate, and Acid phosphatase indicated a lack of this fluid

determination of this may be used in cases of alleged rape

the only concern in postvasectomy semen analysis

test involved in sperm function tests

Maturation of spermatozoa takes place in the:
A. Sertoli cells
B. Seminiferous tubules
C. Epididymis
D. Seminal vesicles

Enzymes for the coagulation and liquefaction of semen are produced by the:
A. Seminal vesicles
B. Bulbourethral glands
C. Ductus deferens
D. Prostate gland

The major component of seminal fluid is:
A. Glucose
B. Fructose
C. Acid phosphatase
D. Citric acid

If the first portion of a semen specimen is not collected,the semen analysis will have an abnormal:
A. ph
B. Viscosity
C. Sperm concentration
D. Sperm motility

Failure of laboratory personnel to document the time a semen sample is collected primarily affects the interpretationof semen:
A. Appearance
B. Volume
C. ph
D. Viscosity

Liquefaction of a semen specimen should take place within:
A. 1 hour
B. 2 hours
C. 3 hours
D. 4 hours

A semen specimen delivered to the laboratory in a condom has a normal sperm count and markedly decreased sperm motility. This is indicative of:
A. Decreased fructose
B. Antispermicide in the condom
C. Increased semen viscosity
D. Increased semen alkalinity

An increased semen ph may be caused by:
A. Prostatic infection
B. Decreased prostatic secretions
C. Decreased bulbourethral gland secretions
D. All of the above

Proteolytic enzymes may be added to semen specimens to:
A. Increase the viscosity
B. Dilute the specimen
C. Decrease the viscosity
D. Neutralize the specimen

The normal sperm concentration is:
A. Below 20 million per microliter
B. Above 20 million per milliliter
C. Below 20 million per milliliter
D. Above 20 million per microliter

Given the following information, calculate the sperm concentration:
dilution, 1:20
sperm counted in five RBC squares on each side of the hemocytometer, 80and 86 volume, 3 mL
A. 80 million per milliliter
B. 83 million per milliliter
C. 86 million per milliliter
D. 169 million per microliter

dilution, 1:20
volume, 3 mL

Using the above information, calculate the sperm concentration when 80 sperm are counted in 1 WBC square and 86 sperm are counted in another WBC square
A. 83 million per milliliter
B. 166 million per ejaculate
C. 16.6 million per milliliter
D. 50 million per ejaculate

The primary reason to dilute a semen specimen before performing a sperm concentration is to:
A. Immobilize the sperm
B. Facilitate the chamber count
C. Decrease the viscosity
D. Stain the sperm

When performing a sperm concentration, 60 sperm are counted in the RBC squares on one side of the hemocytometer and 90 sperm are counted in the RBC squares on the other side. The specimen is diluted 1:20. The:
A. Specimen should be rediluted and counted
B. Sperm count is 75 million per milliliter
C. Sperm count is greater than 5 million per milliliter
D. Sperm concentation is abnormal

Sperm motility evaluations are performed:
A. Immediately after the specimen is collected
B. Within 1–2 hours of collection
C. After 3 hours of incubation
D. At 6-hour intervals for one day

Sperm motility is evaluated on the basis of:
A. Speed
B. Direction
C. Tail movement
D. Both A and B

The percentage of sperm showing average motility that is considered normal is:
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 60%
D. 75%

All of the following are grading criteria for sperm motility except:
A. Rapid straight-line movement
B. Rapid lateral movement
C. No forward progression
D. No movement

The purpose of the acrosomal cap is:
A. Ovum penetration
B. Protection of the nucleus
C. Energy for tail movement
D. Protection of the neckpiece

The sperm part containing a mitochondrial sheath is the:
A. Head
B. Neckpiece
C. Midpiece
D. Tail

All of the following are associated with sperm motility except the:
A. Head
B. Neckpiece
C. Midpiece
D. Tail

The morphologic shape of a normal sperm head is:
A. Round
B. Tapered
C. Oval
D. Amorphous

Normal sperm morphology when using the WHO criteria is:
A. >30% normal forms
B. <30% normal forms
C. >15% abnormal forms
D. <15% normal forms

Additional parameters measured by Kruger strict morphology include all of the following except:
A. Viability
B. Presence of vacuoles
C. Acrosome size
D. Tail length

Round cells that are of concern and may be included in sperm counts and morphology analysis are:
A. Leukocytes
B. Spermatids
C. RBCs
D. Both A and B

If 5 round cells per 100 sperm are counted in a sperm morphology smear and the sperm concentation is 30 million, the concentraton of round cells is:
A. 150,000
B. 1.5 million
C. 300,000
D. 15 million

Following an abnormal sperm motility test with a normal sperm count, what additional test might be ordered?
A. Fructose level
B. Zinc level
C. Mar test
D. Eosin-nigrosin stain

Follow-up testing for a low sperm concentration would include testing for:
A. Antisperm antibodies
B. Seminal fluid fructose
C. Sperm viability
D. Prostatic acid phosphatase

The immunobead test for antisperm antibodies:
A. Detects the presence of male antibodies
B. Determines the presence of IgG, IgM, and IgAantibodies
C. Determines the location of antisperm antibodies
D. All of the above

Measurement of alpha-glucosidase is performed to detect a disorder of the:
A. Seminiferous tubules
B. Epididymis
C. Prostate gland
D. Bulbourethral glands

A specimen delivered to the laboratory with a request for prostatic acid phosphatase and glycoprotein p30 was collected to determine:
A. Prostatic infection
B. Presence of antisperm antibodies
C. A possible rape
D. Successful vasectomy

Following a negative postvasectomy wet preparation, the specimen should be:
A. Centrifuged and reexamined
B. Stained and reexamined
C. Reported as no sperm seen
D. Both A and B

Standardization of procedures and reference values for semen analysis is primarily provided by the:
A. Manufacturers of instrumentation
B. WHO
C. Manufacturers of control samples
D. Clinical laboratory improvement amendments