CBC Methods and Interp.txt

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  1. Three anticoagulants and how they work.
    • 1. EDTA (purple top)- chelates Ca+ ions, which are cofactors required by many of the enzymes in the clotting cascade.
    • 2. Heparin (green top)- complexes with a potentiates the ability of antithrombin III (endogenous anticoagulant) to inactivate thrombin and active coagulation factors.
    • 3. Sodium citrate (blue top)- Complexes Ca2+.
  2. ______ is the preferred anticoagulant for CBC because...
    EDTA; cell morphology is well-preserved.
  3. EDTA is used for...
    CBC and preparing blood films and performing platelet counts for several hours post collection
  4. when is heparin used?
    when the sample volume is limited; can be used for CBC and chemistry
  5. why is heparin not ideal for CBC?
    causes alterations in morphology and staining on the blood film
  6. What is sodium citrate used for?
    coagulation studies and sometimes platelet counts because it can be reversed by addition of more Ca2+.
  7. what is the difference between plasma and serum?
    • Plasma is the fluid part of the blood with anticoagulant after it has been centrifuged.
    • Serum is the fluid portion of the blood after a clot has formed; does not contain fibrinogen or coagulation factors.
  8. What are two stains used for routine evaluation of a blood film?
    • 1. Wright's stain- acidic structures (DNA, RNA) blue or purple with methylene blue; basic structures (proteins) orange with eosin.
    • 2. Diff Quick- also use orange and blue dyes but maybe over-stain or blue nuclei.
  9. Ne methylene blue staining is used to detect...
    reticulocytes and Heinz bodies
  10. What parameters of a CBC are artifactually altered by lipemia?
    Total plasma protein (falsely increased), hemoglobin concentration (falsely increased), MCHC (falsely increased)
  11. What parameters of a CBC are artifactually altered by hemolysis?
    Total plasma protein (makes it harder to read the scale-refractometry), Hemoglobin concentration (falsely increased), MCHC (falsely increased)
  12. an expression of the average volume of individual red cells
    mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
  13. how do you calculate MCV?
    PCV/ RBC x 10; fl (femtoliter)
  14. terms used to characterize MCV.
    • normocytic= normal MCV
    • microcytic= less than normal MCV
    • macrocytic= greater than normal MCV
  15. the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of RBCs.
    mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
  16. how do you calculate MCHC?
    Hgb/ PCV x 100; g/dL
  17. terms used to characterize MCHC.
    • normochromic= normal MCHC
    • hypochromic= less than normal MCHC
  18. what is the normal range for MCHC in most species?
    32-36 g/dL
  19. a numerical expression of variation in RBC size (aka _____)
    re cell distribution width (RDW); anisocytosis
  20. RDW can be increased in cases of.....
    microcytsis or macrocytosis
  21. when an animal is macrocytic, it can be indicative of...
    anemia; younger cells are being released (increased MCV)
  22. when an animal is microcytic, it can be indicative of...
    iron deficiency (lower than normal MCV)
  23. when an animal is hypochromic, it can be indicative of...
    regenerative anemia (younger cells) or chronic iron deficiency (lower than normal MCHC)
  24. Why is it important that an animal is as calm as possible before collecting a blood sample?
    Epinephrine causes abnormalities in a CBC
  25. What is the composition of the Buffy coat?
    Platelets, WBCs (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes)
  26. What is contained in the plasma of blood that has been spun down?
    Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and coagulation factors
  27. Albumin regulates _____ and serves as a ______.
    Oncontic pressure; transport molecule
  28. Globulins in crease in response to _____.
    Inflammation
  29. Carriers for fibrinogen, antibodies, electrolytes, hormones, and clotting factors.
    Globulins
  30. Biliruben is released when __________; icterus is indicative of...
    RBCs are broken down; anemia or hepatic disorder
  31. If lipemia is not a result of a fatty meal, it can be indicative of ...(3)
    Diabetic ketoacidosis, hypothyroidism, lipid disorder
  32. How is plasma protein measured?
    Break microhematicrit tube above Buffy coat, empty plasma onto refractometer, record reading
  33. False increases in total plasma protein can be caused by...(3)
    Lipemia, excess EDTA in sample, marked hyperglycemia
  34. Low PCV is indicative of ______; high PCV is indicative of _____.
    Anemia; erythrocytosis
  35. As a rule of thumb, Hgb conc should equal...
    PCV/3
  36. Hgb conc can have false increase due to... (3)
    Hemolysis, lipemia, Heinz bodies
  37. Errors in MCHC may result from... (5)
    Lipemia, hemolysis, Heinz bodies, excess anticoagulant, agglutination
  38. how do you interpret a reticulocyte count? (getting values)
    • to get the absolute value, multiply the % reticulocytes by the RBC count.
    • to get corrected reticulocyte percentage, PCV/ mean normal PCV x % reticulocytes.
  39. anemia is regenerative if...
    reticulocyte count is increased
  40. anemia is non-regenerative if...
    there is no significant reticulocytosis
  41. what are the two feline reticulocyte morphologies and how are they considered in a reticulocyte count?
    • aggregated-large clumps of stained reticulum-INCLUDED
    • punctuate-pinpoint clumps (more mature)- NOT INCLUDED
  42. Horses do not release ____ in a response to anemia.
    reticulocytes
  43. Rouleaux is the __________ due to...
    stacking of RBCs in linear chains; negative surface charge on RBCs is interfered with.
  44. autoagglutination is the _________ due to...
    irregular clumping of RBCs due to coating of antibodies
  45. Autoagglutination may be indicative of...
    immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
  46. Roulaux may be normal in _______; in other species, it may indicate...
    cats and horses; hypoproteinemia (inflammation)
  47. How do you differentiate roulaux from autoagglutination?
    Saline Dispersion Test-several drops of saline to 1 drop of blood (anticoagulated); saline will disperse roulaux but not autoagglutination
  48. What two RBC morphologic changes are associated with oxidative injury to RBCs?
    heinz bodies, eccentrocyte
  49. what leukocytes are found in mammalian blood?
    neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte
  50. irregular thorny projections that are unevenly distributed resulting from altered lipid content of the RBC membrane.
    acanthocytes (spur cells)
  51. Acanthocytes can be indicative of... (4)
    liver disease (hepatic lipidosis), DIC, iron deficiency, glomerulonephritis
  52. RBCs of unequal size, often indicative of a regenerative response or iron deficiency.
    anisocytosis
  53. basophilic stippling is indicative of...
    regenerative anemia in ruminants; lead toxicity in dogs
  54. RBC with numerous, blunt to sharp projections that are uniform in spacing and size.
    echinocytes
  55. echinocytes are indicative of...
    crenation (in vitro artifact); lymphoma, glomerulonephritis, toxicosis in dogs (when in vivo)
  56. When Hgb is condensed at one side of the cell and the RBC membrane collapsed and fused the other side.
    Eccentrocyte
  57. Denatured or precipitated Hgb that often protrudes from the surface of the RBC.
    Heinz body
  58. Nuclear fragment that forms a round basophilic inclusion.
    Howell-jolly body
  59. Howell-jolly bodies are indicative of... (2)
    splenic dusfunction, EMJH
  60. Increased surface area to volume ratio resulting in extra folds in the membrane.
    Leptocytes (folded cells) and Target Cells (codocytes)
  61. Leptocytes and target cells are often...
    non-specific/ clinically insignificant findings
  62. A RBC with an abnormal shape.
    Poikilocyte
  63. Poikilocytes may be normal or they may be indicative of... (2)
    artifact of chemotherapy, liver disease in cats
  64. Formed when antibodies bind to the RBC surface and a portion of the cell is phagocytized by a macrophage; shape of RBC changes- no zone of central pallor.
    Spherocyte
  65. Spherocytes may be indicative of...
    immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IHA)
  66. RBC fragments caused by mechanical damage.
    schistoytes
  67. Schistocytes may be indicative of... (3)
    Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), vascular neoplasms, vasculitis

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Author:
 Mawad
ID:
 284421
Filename:
 CBC Methods and Interp.txt
Updated:
2014-09-30 00:59:03
Tags:
vet med
Folders:
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Description:
CBC
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