located in hypothalamus, regulates melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pitual gland
suprachiasmatic nucleus
What are three examples that can influence change in circadian rhythms?
- airplane flights across time zones
- adjusting to new work shifts
- illness, stress, fatigue, excitement, drugs and mealtimes
A contoversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the Winer and an improvement of mood in the Spring
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
What is the treatment called that they use to help with SAD?
phototherapy or exposure to fluorescent light
What are three characteristics of NonREM sleep?
- Lo heartrate
- Lo BP, brain activity
- Walk and talk
What are three characteristics of REM sleep?
- Hi heart rate
- Hi brain activity
- Dreams
What two things occur within the hypnogogic state?
(This is the state of sleep that you expereince when you fall asleep during class)
- hallucinations
- movement
Breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke and gasp momentarily waken
Sleep apnea
Constantly gave trouble falling asleep, staying asleep or waking too early
Insomnia
Sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep
Narcolepsy
What does sleep help?
It helps to improve your memory
True or False?
Men most commonly dream about other men?
True
Includes aspects of the dream we consciously experience
Manifest Content
Includes unconscious wishes and thoughts symbolized in the dream
Latent Content
A procedure in which the practioner suggests changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings or behavior of the subject
hypnosis
true of false?
People that are in the state of hypnosis can be forced to do things against their will?
False
Substance capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior
Psychoactive Drug
speed up activity in the CNS
Stimulants
slow down activity in the CNS
depressants
relieve pain
opiates
disrupt normal thought processes
psychedelic drugs
How do psychoactive drugs work?
By acting on neurotransmitters
The detection, by sense organs, of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical objects
sensation
The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information
perception
specialized cells that convert physical energy in the environment or body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain
sense receptors
the principle that different sensory modalities exist because signals received by the sense organs stimulate different nerve pathways leading to different areas of the brain
doctrine of specific nerve energies
a condition in which stimulation of one sense also evokes another
synesthesia
vividness or purity of color
saturation
lightness or luminess
brightness
neural tissue lining the pupil and lens and is focused in the retina at the back of the eye
retina
a process by which visual receptors become maximally sensitive to dim light
dark adaptors
Neurons in the retina of the eye, which gather information from receptor cells; their axons make up the optic nerve
ganglion cells
cells in the visual cortex that are sensitive to specific features of the environment
feature detectors
a theory of color perception that assumes that the visual system treats pairs of colors as opposing
opponent-process theory
the turning inward of the eyes which occurs when they focus on a nearby object
convergence
the slight difference in lateral separation between two objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye
retinal disparity
visual cues to depth or distance, which can be used by one eye alone
monocular cues
visual cues to depth or distance requiring two eyes
binocular cues
the accurate perception of objects as stable of unchanged despite changes in the sensory patterns they produce
perceptual constancy
the distinguishing quality of sound
timbre
a structure in the cochlea containing hair cells that serve as receptors for hearing
organ of Corti
a snail-shaped, fluid filled organ in the inner ear, containing the organ of Corti, where the receptors for hearing are located
Cochlea
nests of taste receptor cells
taste buds
knoblike elevations on the tongue; containing the taste buds
papillae
the theory that the experience of pain depends in part on whether pain impulses get past a neurological "gate" in the spinal cord and thus reaches the brain
gate-control theory
the experience of pain in the missing limb or other body part
phantom pain
the sense of body position and movement of body parts
kinesthesis
the sense of balance
equilibrium
sense organs in the inner ear that contribute to equilibrium by respond to the rotation of the head
semicircular canals
a habitual way of perceiving, based on expectations
perceptual set
Newborns and infants...
need visual experiences during a critical period for vision to develop normally