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patholgoical fractures?
fractures that occur in bones that are already weakened
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epiphyseal fractures?
fractures that occur in the young at the epiphyseal plate because the plate is weaker than the ligaments holding it together
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3 stages of fracture healing?
- granulation tissue
- soft callus
- hard callus
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functions of synovial fluid?
supply oxygen and nurtients, removes wastes, clean up damaged parts, decrease friction in join movement
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bursa?
fluid filled sac that acts as a ball bearing found between bone muscle, bone-tendon, bone-ligament
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how is the joint capsule contructed?
an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue, an inner layer of synovial membrane
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what type of joint has the greatest range motion? least range?
ball socket- greatest range
hinge- least range
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example of the 6 types of movable joints?
- balls and socket- hip
- condyloid- knuckles
- saddle- base of thumb
- gliding- wrist bones
- hinge-elbow
- pivot- C1 and C2
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most important stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint?
biciptial tendon
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what is the nurse-maid's elbow?
radial head dislocation
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anatomy of the hip joint?
head of femur sits deep in acetabulum, held in place by ilio-, ischio-, and pubo- fermoral ligaments
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why is hip disolcation an orthopehdic emergency?
compromise of blood supply to head of femur because of injury to ligamentum teres
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describe meidal and lateral menisci.
- hyaline catilage cushions between the articular surfaces of the femur and tibia
- pads act as shock absorbers
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function of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments?
to prevent excessive forward or backward movement of the femur on the tibia
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what protects the front of the knee?
quadriceps, tendon, and patella
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anatomy of a muscle cell?
elongate, multiple nuclei, terminal cisternae wrapped around filament bundles, cell membrane extensions called T tubules running through the cell against the terminal cisternae
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anatomy of a sarcomere?
Z discs of titin, attached to actin filaments that run toward the center of the sarcomere but do not reach it; mysoin filaments in the middle, covering the area that actins leave open, titin strands attaching mysoin ends to the Z disc
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What connects the sacromere to the outer covering of the muscle cell?
strands of the protein dystrophin
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