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Activation of CD4+ T cells fits into a ______________ model.
Two-signal
- Interaction of the _________and __________ on the T cell with ___________ and __________ on the APC provides stimulus for the 1st signal/induction/activation of CD4+ T cells.
- TCR and CD28
- MHC complex (B7) and CD80/86
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The 1st downstream signal transduction, leading to T cell activation emanates from the ____________.
TCR and CD28
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___________________________ serves as the second signal in T cell activation.
The receptors on the antigen are stimulated by some stimuli resulting in co-stimulation
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____________is a co-stimulatory molecule expressed constitutively on naïve T cells.
CD28
- ____________ expressed on the antigen presenting cells serve as co-stimulators for naïve T cells.
- CD80 and CD86
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The TCR is associated with CD3 and forms ____________ complex.
the TCR-CD3
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CD__ is present on helper T cells and CD__ is present on cytotoxic T cells
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CD4 works as a monomer with four ________ in its extracellular protium.
Ig domains
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CD8 functions as a dimer involving either a_______________ or __________________.
α and αβ chains or two identical α chains
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The specificity of antigen recognition T cell response is dependent on the interaction between the _____________, ________________ and ________________.
TCR, the MHC peptide complex and the APC
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The binding of antigen to antibody involves the formation of multiple _____________bonds between the antigen and ______________of the antibody.
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Antigen-antibody complex results from ____________bonding, ____________bonding, ______________bonds and ________________bonds.
- Hydrogen
- Electrostatic
- van der Waals
- hydrophobic
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The antigens are _____________dimensional structures.
three
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Different antibodies to an antigen often bind to overlapping_____________.
epitopes
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Technically, antibodies may be produced against any _______________but this is usually not the case.
Part of the antigen
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Certain areas of the antigen are particularly antigenic and, that the majorities of the antibodies bind to these regions which are called________________ regions.
Immunodominant
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What is HLS?
MAJOR HISTCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX in humans
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The ability to discriminate (Self versus Non-Self) is achieved through ______________.
MHC = MAJOR HISTCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
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All antigens, both self and non-self, are recognized by T cells in the context of the______________.
MHC
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(T/F) CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells recognize antigens similarly.
False (differently)
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Helper T cells (CD4+) recognize antigens in conjunction with MHC class _____molecules.
II
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Cytolytic T cells (CD8+) antigens in context of MHC class _____ molecules.
I
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During embryogenesis T cells recognizing _____________in the context of MHC molecules are eliminated.
self antigens
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During embryogenesis, T cells potentially recognizing _____________antigens in the presence of MHC molecules are retained.
foreign
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Auto-immune disease is caused by a breakdown in_________________________________________.
the elimination of self-recognizing T cells
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Failure to recognize foreign antigens results in __________________.
immunedeficiency
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MHC molecules have evolved from the same gene as _______________and _____________molecules
Immunoglobulins and T cell receptor
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MHC class I and class II molecules have different _____________, ________________ and ______________.
structure, distribution and function
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MHC class I molecules include _____________________________.
HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C
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MHC class II molecules include_______________________________.
HLA-D, HLA-DR, HLA-DP and HLA-DQ
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MHC class III molecules include_________________.
complement system
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HLA (MHC) Class I Molecules (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C) are found in what cells?
Ubiquitous on virtually every cell
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What are the functions of HLA (MHC) Class I Molecules (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C) ?
- Present processed antigenic fragment to CD8+ T cells
- Restrict cell-mediated cytolysis of virus-infected cells (may be the main reason for their presence on every cell in the body)
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HLA (MHC) Class II Molecules (HLA-D, HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ) are found in what cells?
- Restricted to immune-competent cells
- Particularly they are present on B cells and macrophages
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What is the function of HLA (MHC) Class II Molecules (HLA-D, HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ)?
- Present processed antigenic fragments to helper T cells (CD4+)
- Recognition of antigenic fragment by the TCR on the surface of CD4+ cells, resulting in the initiation of immune response.
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The initiation of immune response is characterized by the proliferation of ___________and the secretion of a battery of______________.
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