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connective tissue has?
lots of material between cells
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common characteristics of connective tissue?
- extensive intracellular material
- derived from mesenchyme
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mesenchyme is?
a type of embryonic tissue
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all other tissue can be found in?
connective tissue proper
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the give that holds all tissue together, underlies all epithelial and can be found throughout entire body
connective tissue proper
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locations of connective tissue proper?
found everywhere
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function of connective tissue proper?
- support
- convey body fluids
- defense
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loose connective tissue proper is used for?
- collagen fibers
- reticular fibers
- elastic fibers
- fibroblasts
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collagen fibers come in ?
individuals or bundles
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ground substance of loose connective tissue proper?
gel like substance that acts like a sponge that absorbs tissue fluid and holds it in place
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structures used to convey body fluids in connective tissue proper?
ground substance
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reduce tension and help LCTP from being pulled apart
collagen fibers
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provide additional support for structures that pass through LCTP
reticular fibers
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loose network that allows LCTP to have give and be pushed/pulled around but then will go back to original shape
elastic fibers
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elongated cells with very narrow elongated nucleus that produces collage, reticular and elastic fibers
fibroblast
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LCTP structures used for defense?
- histiocytes
- plasma cells
- mast cells
- eosinophils and neutrophils
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all cells are involved in defense except for?
fibroblast
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difference between LCTP and DCTP?
number of collagen fibers
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fibers are arranged in all different directions
irregular dense connective tissue proper
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orientation of ___ __ is important
collagen fibers
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ex of irregular DCTP?
skin bc its pulled all different directions
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know direction tension is going to come from
regular DCTP
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in regular DCTP all the fibers are?
aligned therefore they run in the same direction
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regular DCTP is found?
- on attachment of bones and ligaments
- also tendons
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regular DCTP only resists tension in direction of?
ligament itself
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muscles contract in 1 direction
tendons
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ex of fatty connective tissue proper?
adipose tissue
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cartilage and bone are both?
- specialized the bear weight
- firm intracellular matrix
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cartilage is more ___ than bone
flexible
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bone has more ___ that cartilage
strength
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characteristics of all cartilage?
- firm intracellular matrix
- chondocytes
- perichondrium
- avascular
- no nerves
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cells cant move through?
firm intracellular matrix
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cartilage cells
chondrocytes
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physical space that chondrocytes occupy, aka little house
lacunae
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outside layer of cartilage
perichondrium
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nervous system doesn't penetrate, therefore when cartilage is damaged it does not?
hurt bc there are no nerves
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cartilage is avascular which means?
circulatory system doesn't protrude it
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moisture in cartilage comes from?
gas exchange between cells move by diffusion
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type of macrophage, where if invaded by bacteria they will phagocytes the bacteria and kill it with lysosomes
histiocytes
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target foreign cells in body
plasma cells
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produce and secrete hepanin and histamine
mast cells
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mast cells prevent?
blood from clotting (heparin)
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mast cells also make it more permeable which is
histamine
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result of mast cell activity?
red swollen area
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white blood cells normally found in vascular system
eosinophils and neutrophils
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when these are attacked, they leave the vascular system and enter infected area
eosiniphils and neutrophils
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phagocytize bacteria or foreign agent, they destroy it
neutrophils
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ex of dead neutrophils?
pus
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what happens when cartilage dries?
the water evaporates, drys up and falls off
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in hyaline cartilage the matrix has a ?
uniform appearance
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when illuminated under microscope it glows
hyaline cartilage
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hyaline cartilage is the ?
most common type of cartilage
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the younger you are, the more ____ cartilage that you have bc it depends on age
hyaline
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where is hyaline cartilage found?
medial end of ribs, larynx or voice box, epithesial plate in long bones (which is present through end of puberty)
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where is elastic cartilage found?
in outer ear
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inorganic bone?
gives strength, rack like structures
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organic bone?
gives flexibility, collage fibers
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stronger that cartilage
bone
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increase number of collagen fibers which allows it to resist compression
fibrocartilage
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fibrocartilage is used as?
a shock absorber
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fibrocartilage is found?
along vertebral column, left and right pubic bone
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intervertebral discs act as
shock absorbers
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make up of bone?
- 65% inorganic crystals
- 35% organic material
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what happens when bone dries?
loose flexibility
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osteoblasts that got trapped by matrix, also located in middle of matrix
osterocytes
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bones are constantly changing and being remodeled due to ?
osteoblasts and osteocytes
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bones are changing by ?
getting stronger or thinner
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intramembraneous ossification forms?
membrane bone
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intramembrous ossification is
a simpler process
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endochondral ossification is a
complex process
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endochondral ossification forms?
endochondral bone
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2 types of bone development
- intramembranous ossification
- endochondral ossification
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most bones are formed by
endochondral ossification
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scar left by epithesial plate after puberty
epithesial line
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dense bone, very dense and don't see internal structure
compact bone
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made of spicules with spaces inbetween and found on inside
spongy bones
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spongy bone?
seems weak but engineered along lines of stress which means its fairly strong but light
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where is spongy bone found?
in areas that undergo most stress
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covers articular surfaces
articular cartilage
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hollow space in bone, doesn't effect strength of bone
medullary cavity
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dense fibrous layer that covers bone, organic component that cracks and falls when bone dries
periosteum
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has a shiny sheen on fresh bone, dull on dry bone
periosteum
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lines inside of medullary cavity
endosteum
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house in lacunae
osteocytes
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matrix appears cracked, but theyre little canals
canaliculi
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mechanism for osteocytes to communicate through and is embedded in matrix
canaliculi
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found on surface of matrix
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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matrix forming cells
osteoblasts
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cells that break down and remove matrix
osteoclasts
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in intramembranous ossification bone is formed
directly from source (mesenchyme)
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while bone process is going on, this is being constructed
woven bone in intramembraneous ossification
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ex of intramembraneous ossification
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in endochondral ossification what happens first? then?
form model out of cartilage and then covert to bone and cell
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periocondrium is converted to periosteum when ? aka bone collar
osteoblasts start depositing bone matrix
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osteoblasts that are on the inside, deposit bone on the
inside
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through process with osteoblasts, the whole shaft?
turns from cartilage to bone
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primary?
what bone looks like at birth
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secondary?
epiphasees ossified, when done cartilage is at end and epitheisal plate
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cartilage at end of bone?
articular cartilage
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more cartilage is produces at
epithesial plate
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bone growth - cartilage deposit?
add cartilage and turn into bone at some time, elongating diaphysis
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bone growth- zone of erosion
erode away new bone in cavity which increases length of diaphysis as a hollow structure
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rate of producing cartilage at end of puberty, begin to calcify cartilage quicker than its being made
rate of mineralizing cartilage
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vascular tissue is ?
blood
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once cartilage in bone is gone you ?
can no longer have any bone growth --- end of puberty
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bone increase in diameter by ?
adding material to in and outside through osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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in blood, intracellular matrix is?
liquid
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vascular tissue is made up of?
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3 formed elements in vascular tissue?
- erythrocytes
- leucocytes
- thrombocytes
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red blood cells, not true cells bc they lack a nucleus
erythrocytes
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general function of erythrocytes?
- gas exchange
- delivery oxygen to take away CO2
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white blood cells, true cells, part of immune system
leucocytes
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function of leucocytes?
defends against foreign organisms
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platelets, not true cells, fragments of a cell
thrombocytes
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basic tissue type?
connective tissue
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