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A type of bacteria that thrives in bacic environment?
Alkaliphile.
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A tye of bacteria that thrives in acidic environments?
Acidophile.
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A type of bacteria that thrives in neutral environment?
Neutrophile.
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A type of bacteria that thrives in moderate temperatures (25-40'C)?
Meosphile.
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A type of bacteria that thrives in hot temperatures?
Thermophile.
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A type of bacteria that thrives in cold termperatures (15-20'C)?
Psychrophile.
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A type of archaen that lives in very high salt environment?
Extreme Halophile.
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A type of archaen that lives in very high termperatures (360'C)
Extreme Thermoacidicophile.
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A type of archaen that produces methane in the abscense of oxygen?
Methanogen.
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A type of bacteria that can only divide inside a host cell?
Rickettsia
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Eukaryotic, generally unicellular organism that do not have an embroyonic stage of development are in Kingdom___________?
Protista.
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Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that do not have cell walls, and reproduce by sexual reproduction are in Kingdom____________?
Animalia.
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Eukaryotic, mostly multicellular organisms that feed by absorption, produce spores are in Kingdom ___________?
Fungi.
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An Acellular, disease-causing microorganism?
Virus.
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When you want to view bacteria that are encapsulated, the best stain to use is a...?
Negative stain.
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Prokaryotic cells have____________ ribosomes and eukaryotic cells have____________ribosomes.
70S;80S
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A bacterial cell placed in a hypertonic soluction will...?
Undergo plasmolysis because water exits the cell.
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Bacterial cells divide by the process of ...?
Binary fission.
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Most pathogenic bacteria are ...?
Mesophiles
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Describe the patterns of growth in a bacterial colony growing on an agar plate?
Dying cells are located in the center of the colony, and rapidly growing cells are located on the edge.
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Observe the name of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The name Staphylococcus is the ...?
Genus.
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The type of cells most susceptible to penicillian are...?
Gram Positive.
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Certain ypes of bacteria have an outer membrane. This OM is composed of ...?
- Phospholipid.
- Lipipolysaccharide.
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Observe the drawing of a group of bacteria. Identify the Morphologyj and arrangement of the cells.
Staphylococci.
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Observe the drawing of a group of bacteria. Identify the morphology and arrangement of the cells.
Streptobacilli.
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Simple stains are used to identify.
- Cell shape.
- Cell arrangement.
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Which region of the outer membrane is toxic to humans?
Lipid A.
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An extremely tough structure that resist heat, drying and disinfectants, which is made by soem bacteria to preserve their existence in unfavorable conditions is a ...?
Endospore.
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A bacterium with two flagella, one located at each end of the cell is described as ...?
Amphitrichous.
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If you want to view a specimen as small as a virus, which method of microscopy would you use?
Electron Microscopy.
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Which subatomic particles are located in the nucleus of an atom?
Both Protons and Neutrons.
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In phage-typing, bacteria that lysed by the same type of bacteriophage thought to be ...?
More closely related to one another.
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When sodium (Na) loses an electron, it becomes a...?
Cation.
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A substance with a pH of 2 is ....?
Acidic.
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When water disolves a crystal of salt (NaCl), how do the water molecules orient themselves?
The positive hydrogens surround the negative chlorides, and the negative oxygens surround the positive sodiums.
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Protein are composed of ...?
Amino Acids.
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The scientist who discovered penicillin was ...?
Alexander Fleming.
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The bending of light waves moving from one medium to another is termed...?
Refraction.
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A type of carbohydrate that is made of many repeated subunits is a ...?
Polysaccharide.
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If you want to perform a quick diagnosis of a patient with a possible case of syphilis, you could add some antibodies to a blood sample, and use the microsope to deterin if the antibodies have bound the syphilis antigen. What type of microsopy would you use?
Fluorescence Microscopy.
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Phospholipids have...?
Polar heads and nonpolar tails.
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The germ theory of disease states that ...?
Microorganisims can invade other organisms and cause disease.
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The atomic number of an attom is 22. How many protons does this atom have?
22.
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The scientist who developed the first microscopes and therefore, was the first to view microbial organisms was...?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
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A type of chemical bond in which electrons are shared is a...?
Covalent bond.
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A method for classifying bacteria that generate protein profiles/fingerprints is ...?
Page.
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A method of classifying bacteria that involves mixing dNA from two different bacteria, allowing them to anneal, and determining the amount of binding to determine relatedness is...?
DNA Hybridization.
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A division withing a bacterial species is a ...?
Strain.
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The ability to see two objects as separate and discreet units is....?
Resolution.
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A type of microscopy that does not use stainig, but instead changes the degre of brightness of internal structures of an organism by exploiting their different indices of refraction is...?
Phase-Contrast Microscopy.
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Bacteria that lack cell walls are in the genus____________?
Mycoplasma.
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Bacteria with a cell wall primarily composed of Mycolic acid are classified as ...?
Acid Fast.
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A type of pilus used for transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another is a ______________ pilus?
Conjugation.
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First stage of Bacterial growth curve is...?
Lag stage.
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Second, upward stage of bacterial growth curve is...?
Log stage.
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The third stage, high and flat, of bacterial growth curve is...?
Stationary stage.
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The fourth stage, downward slope, is the...?
Decline stage.
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The domain that includes the extremophiles is Domain....?
Archaea.
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The gram stain is a ______________ stain.
Differential.
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Name two reasons for heat-fixing bacteria to a slide.
- 1. Kill microorganisms.
- 2. adhere microorganisms to the slide.
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Causative agent of Malaria?
Plasmodium vivax.
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Causative agent of African Sleeping Sickness?
Trypanosoma gambiense.
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Causative agent of Severe viral diarrhea in children.
Rotavirus.
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Causative agent of AIDS?
HIV.
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Causative agent of Common cold?
Rhinovirus.
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Causative agent of Chagas disease?
Trypanosoma cruzi.
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Causative agent of Leishmaniasis?
Leishmania donovani.
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Causative agent of Leukemia?
HTLV.
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Causative agent of Pandemic Flu?
Influenza A.
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Causative agent of Cervical Cancer?
HPV.
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Causative agent of Hepatitis A?
Hepatovirus.
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The viral family for Herpes Virus?
Herpesviridae.
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The viral family for Polio Virus?
Picornaviridae.
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The viral family for Human Papilloma Virus?
Papoviridae.
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The viral family for Measles?
Paramyxoviridae.
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The viral family for Rotavirus?
Reoviridae.
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The viral family for Rabies Virus.
Rhabdoviridae.
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The viral family for Human Immunodeficiency Virus?
Reteroviridae.
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The viral family for Rhinovirus?
Picornaviridae.
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The viral family for Influenza?
Orthomyxoviridae.
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Short pieces of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication are called...?
Okazaki fragments.
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The short pieces of DNA mentioned above (and the sugar-phosphate backbone of the new DNA strands) are fused togethe by the enzyme.
DNA ligase.
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The products of the Krebs cycle are...?
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Which type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes?
Transfer RNA.
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A type of mutation in which single nucleotide has been changed, resulting in a different amino acid in athe polypeptide chain is a ...?
Missense Mutation.
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When FADH2 donates its electrons to the electron transport chain to power the formation of ATP this is an example of ....?
Oxidative phosphorylation.
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Two strands of DNA are separated by the enzyme...?
Helicase.
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Which enzyme involved in DNA synthesis has the ability to correct mistakes?
DNA Polymerase I
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When a bacteriophage transfers DNA randomly from one bacterium to another this is ...?
Generalized Transduction.
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Which phylum includes the "imperfect fungi", which have no sexual cycle?
Deuteromycota.
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What are the products of homolactic fermentation?
Lactic acid.
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Viril RNA that must be copied to a complementary strand before the host cell can begin synthesizing its proteins is...?
Minus (-) sense RNA.
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Protists that move by flagella belong to the phylum...?
Mastogophora.
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NADH is...?
Reduced because it carries electrons.
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The total number of ATP produced from 1 molecule of glucose that proceeds through aerobic respiration is ...?
38.
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An molecule that binds the active site of an enzyme and inhibits that enzyme from functioning is ...?
Competitive Inhibitor.
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The products of glycolysis are...?
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The products of alcohol fermentation are...?
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When a phosphate group is transferred from one molecule directly to ADT to make ATP, this is called...?
Substrate level Phosphorylation.
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Humans repair DNA by...?
Excision repair.
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A bacterium that has the ability to produce a conjugation pilus must have a ...?
F-plasmid
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The organism Toxoplasma gondii belongs to the phylum...?
Sporozoa (Apicomplexans).
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Spongiform encephalopathies are caused by ...?
Prions.
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A host that harbors a parasite during its sexual stage is referred to as a ...?
Definitive host.
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Yeast are found in the phylum ________________ and they reproduce by ________________?
Ascomycota;Budding.
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A reaction that uses energy to build complex molecules is termed....?
Anabolic.
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An atom, usually a metal ion, that improves the fit of the enzyme ant its substrate is an....?
Cofactor.
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In prokaryotes, the Electron transport chain is located in the ...?
Cell membrane.
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DNA synthesis is complicated because the to strands of the double helix are_________________, therefore there must be a leading strand and a lagging strand.
Antiparallel.
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When a bacterium takes up naked DNA and incorporates it into its chromosome, this is called....?
Transformation.
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During Catabolite repression...?
Glucose is metabolized first, lactose is metabolized second.
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A type of medium that shows an observable color change in the medium or the colonies growing on the medium is called...?
Differential.
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When a bacteriophage is in a virulent/actively replicating stage it is in the _________ phase, but when it remains dormant in the cell and does not replicate, it is in the __________ phase.
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A bacterium with phage DNA incorporated into its chromosome is termed a...?
Prophage.
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A viral spike that facilitates entry of the virus into the host cell and causes red blood cells to clump is ...?
Hemagglutinin.
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When an influenza virus undergoes a seasonal change in its spikes, this is termed___________, but when it undergoes a sudden change in its spikes resulting in a pandemic strain, this is termed _____________.
- Antigenic drift.
- Antigenic shift.
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When the product of a metabolic pathway becomes a repressor and inhibits the enzyme at an early stage of the pathway, this is termed...?
Feedback Inhibition.
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A set of genes under common control is a...?
Operon.
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The antibody class that is the first to respond to an antigen upon initial exposure and as a pentamer, it can collect then antigens at once is...?
IgM
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The antibody class that attaches to basophils and is responsible for binding allergens is...?
IgE
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The antibody class that is the most prominent during the secondary response, and can cross the placenta is ...?
IgG
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The antibody class that is primarily found in mucosal surfaces and secretions such as saliva, tears, and colostrum is ...?
IgA.
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An organism that lives on another organism, but does not help or harm the organsim exhibits which type of symbiosis?
Commensalism.
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An organism that lives on another organism and benefits at the expense of its host (ie harms the host) exhibits which type of symbiosis?
Parasitism.
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An organism that lives on another organism in an association in which both organisms benefit exhibits which type of symbiosis?
Mutualism.
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The exoenzyme that dissolves the substance that holds cells of tissue together, allowing the pathogen to penetrate deeper into the host is ...?
Hyaluronidase.
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The mode of action usde by Tetracycline is...?
Inhibition of protein synthesis.
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The mode of action used by Metronidazole is ...?
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis.
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The mode of action used by Penicillin is...?
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
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The mode of action used by Trimethoprim is ...?
Action as antimetabolites.
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The white blood cell that primarly attacks virally-infected cells by triggering the cell to die by apoptosis is ...?
Natural Killer Cells.
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A white blood cell that ingests foreign invaders and infected or old cells by phagocytosis is a ...?
Macrophage.
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A cardinal sign of inflammation is calor. This referes to ...?
Heat.
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Fever is caused by ...?
pyrogen.
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When complement proteins insert into the bacterial wall and membrane, essentially making a hole in the cell, this mechanism is ...?
Membrane-Attack Complex (MAC)
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B-cells mature in the ....?
Bone marrow.
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A drug that kills both gram-positive and grame negative bacteria?
Broad-Spectrum.
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A hospital-acquired infection?
Nosocomial.
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Programmed cell death?
Apoptosis.
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Branch of immunity mediated by antibodies...?
Humoral.
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When pathogenic organisms penetrate the host defenses, enter the tissue, and multiply.
Infection.
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A localized allergic reaction
Atopy.
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Proteins that allow pathogens to bind to receptors on target cells?
Adhesins
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Weakening of the diseases-producitn ability of pathogenic organisms usually for use in vaccines.
Attenuation.
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When pathogenic organisms are established enough to alter the state of health of the host.
Disease.
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When a drug is toxi to the pathogen but nontoxic to the host cells?
Selective Toxicity.
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An overgrowth of an organsim in the body following desimation of the normal flora?
Superinfection.
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Branch of the immune system that mediated by T-Cells?
Cell-mediated.
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A systemic, explosive allergic reaction that results in airway obstruction and circulatory collapse?
Anaphalaxis.
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Dosage level of a drug that successfully eliminates the pathogen?
Therapeutic dosage level.
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An accumulation of dead white blood cells, liquefied cell debris and bacteria.
Pus.
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A nosocomial infection would be classified as which type of disease?
Iatrogenic Disease.
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The enzyme secreted in your tears that cleave the bacterial cell wall is?
Lysozyme.
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When a cell is infected with a virus, it will release _____________ to signal other cells to make antiviral proteins.
Interferon-Alpha.
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A structural or functional defect present at birth is classified as which type of disease?
Congential.
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A type of disease whose cause is unknow an _______________ disease.
Idiopathic.
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When antibodies are passed from mother to child, this is an example of ____________ immunity.
Natural Acquired Passive.
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When you make your own antibodies because you were infected by a pathogenic organism, this is an example of ____________ immunity.
Natural Acquired Active.
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When you make your own antibodies because you received a vaccine, this is an example of _________________ immunity.
Artificial Acquired Active.
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When you receive antibodies form another source like a hyperimmune serum, this is an example of ____________ immunity.
Artificial Acquired Passive.
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T-cells mature in the ...?
Thymus.
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The complement molecule C3b functions as a....?
Opsonin.
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TorF T-cells can make antibodies.
False.
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TorF When a mother and her fetus are Rh incompatible, her antibodies will destroy the fetal red blood cells during the first and subsequent pregnancies.
False.
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TorF T-cells cannot be activated directly by a free antigen.
True.
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TorF Broad spectrum drugs can destroy your normal flora.
True.
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TorF A person is contagious during the incubation stage.
True
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Complement activated by antibodies bount to an antigen is the ________________ pathway, and complement activated directly by the antigen is _____________ pathway.
Classic; Alternative.
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The region of an antigen that is bound ty an antibody is the ...?
Epitope.
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The stage of infection in which a person has mild symptoms, but still feels well is the ____________ stage.
Prodromal.
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The stage of infection in which the person is sick, experiencing all the signs and symptoms, and the pathogen is well established is the __________ stage.
Invasive.
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The type of B-Lymphocyte that shoots out mass amounts of antibodies (like a machine gun) is a _____________ cell.
Plasma.
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A type of hypersensitivity that involves T-Cells (no antibodies), which release cytokines to promote the inflammatory response is ____________________ hypersensitivity.
Cell-mediated.
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A type of hypersensitivitiy that includes binding of an allergen to antibodies bound to mast cells, resulting in a release of histamine is _____________ hypersensitivity.
Immediate.
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A type of hypersensitivity that is caused by antigen-antibody formation taht remains in the body, and causes inflammation is ____________ hypersensitivity.
Immune Complex.
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A type of hypersensitivity that is elicite by antigens on cells that the body recognizes as foreign, and therefore, attacks with antibodies is _____________ hypersensitivity.
Cytotoxic
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Refer to the diagram. This diagram shows _____________ ELISA, which detects _________________ in a person's serum.
Indirect;antibodies.
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Causative agent for Scarlet Fever?
Streptococcus pyrogenes.
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Causative agent for Dental caries?
Streptococcus mutans.
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Causative agent for Diptheria?
Corynebacterium diptheriae
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Causative agent for Smallpox?
Variola Virus.
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Causative agent for Cholera?
Vibrio Cholerae.
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Causative agent for Trachoma?
Chlamydia trachomatis.
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Causative agent for Whooping cough?
Bortadella pertussis.
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Causative agent for Q-fever?
Coxiella burnettii
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Causative agent for Common Cold?
Rhinovirus.
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Causative agent for Urban Plague?
Yersinia pestis
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Causative agent for Scalded Skin Syndrome?
Staphylococcus aureus
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Causative agent for Kaposi Sacoma?
Human Herpes Virus 8
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Causative agent for Typhoid Fever?
Salmonella typhi.
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Causative agent for Necrotizing Fascitis?
Streptococcus pyrogenes.
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Causative agent for Buruli Ulcer?
Mycobacterium ulcerans.
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Causative agent for Legionnaries Disease?
Legionella pneumophila
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Causative agent for Acne Vulgaris?
Propionibacterium acnes.
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Causative agent for Gas Gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens
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Causative agent for Opthalmia Neonatum?
Neisseria gonorrhea.
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Causative agent for Tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Causative agent for Glomerulonephritis?
Streptococcus pyrogenes
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Causative agent for Rubella?
Rubella virus
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Which toxin are produced by the causative agent of scalded skin syndrome?
Exfoliation A&B
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Which toxins are produced by the causative agent of scarlet fever?
erythorgenic toxin.
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A respiratory disease characterized by the formation of a pseudomembane is...?
Diptheria.
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Infectious organisms in the nasopharynx can enter the eustaschian tubes and cause...?
Otitis media.
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A pathogenic strain of E. coli that has a lasmid encoded K antigen allowing it to invade the intestinal mucosa is ...?
Enteroinvasive.
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One type of toxin produced by the causative agento f necrotizing fasciitis, which destroys tissue proteins is ...?
exotoxin B.
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A toxin produced by the causative agent of whooping cough, which increases its virulence, has the ablility to...?
Paralyze the cilia.
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Burn patients often suffer from infections caused by ...?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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A condition caused by Streptococcus pyogenes that results in crusted lesions on the skin (aka the booger disease) is...?
Impetigo.
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An enzyme secreted in your tears is_____________ which is most effective against __________ bacteria.
Lysozyme; Gram-postive.
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An inflammation of the gums is termed...?
Gingivitis.
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The causative agent of Diptheria can make toxins because....?
The agent has a prophage allowing it to make the toxin.
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An inflammation of the kidneys, whcih can lead to leaking of proteins and blood in the urin is ______________, and it is caused by ________________.
Glomerulonephritis; Streptococcus pyrogenes.
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Calcified, walled-off regions of the lungs, which contain live pathogenic organisms and macrophages are termed....?
Tubercles.
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An inflammation of the lymphatic vessels is termed...?
Lymphangitis.
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When bacteria enters the bloodstream this is termed _________________, but when they enter and grow and multipy in the bloodstream this is termed ________________.
Bacteremia; Septicemia.
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A sty would primarly be caused by....?
Staphylococcus aureus.
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A disease characterized by a rash and Koplick's spots is...?
Rubeola.
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A continuously formed coating of microorganisms and organic matter on teeth is...?
Dental Plaque.
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The primary cause of neonatal sepsis is....?
Streptococcus agalactiae.
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The stage of plague characterized by necrosis of all parts of the body and shock is....?
Septicemic.
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The stage of plague characterized by swollen, tender lymph nodes is...?
Bubonic.
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TorF In necrotizing faschiitis, te causative agent litterally eats away the tissue.
False.
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TorF Pneumocystis Pneumonia is caused by bacteria.
False
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TorF Some pathogenic organsims can survive and multiply within macrophages.
True.
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TorF It is possible to make a vaccine for the common cold.
False.
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TorF The causative agent of SARS is a type of rhinovirus.
False.
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TorF Bacteria can acquire toxin-producing genes from bacteriophage infections.
True.
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